Water and Environment science Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Water and Environment science - Research Paper Example the occupants of the Portland city since it supplies them with adequate measures of fish like the Chinook, Sockeye and the Chun Salmon, wild creatures just as normal views. The fledgling species are found on the waterway banks and they incorporate the bald eagles and the extraordinary blue herons (Sethajintanin, et al., 114). Willamette River has experienced a gigantic change in the last 200 years which is described by different human exercises like the structure of dams, dykes, and digging. There are different wellsprings of contamination in the Willamette River which incorporate the clean release from the urban areas of Corvallis and Portland whose consolidated tempest just as the sterile sewer discharge untreated sewage in to the stream during the stormy season. Oil and fuel spills are regular in the stream on account of the sailing action basic in the waterway. Dregs disintegration is normal in the zone where flood conveys contaminations from upstream zones in to the waterway along these lines causing contamination of the stream. Family unit squanders like solvents cleansers just as the family unit synthetic substances that are washed down from the rooftops and in the long run channel into the stream (Poor and Jeffrey, 772). The Willamette River is presently viewed as cleaner than it was in the late 1920’s and in the 1930’s when the stream was in a much contaminated express that a fish put in it could bite the dust right away. A power known as the State Sanitary Authority which was later changed into the Department of Environment Quality. This Authority was liable for directing the tidying up of the River. In 1968, a significant tidy up was done which included the recognizable proof of all significant waste releases were controlled in this manner making the stream a lot more secure (Rojas-Burke, 134). From the aftereffects of the information gathered from the stream unmistakably the temperatures were high during the three testing situations on account of the occasions in which the examples were taken. High temperatures influence the working of the sea-going life since their bodies work

Business Research and EthicsPitfalls in Research Methodology

Question: Examine about theBusiness Research and Ethics for Pitfalls in Research Methodology. Answer: Presentation This proposition will center to set up a total examination proposition remembering the poll to direct an overview for request to make sense of the most ideal populace on which the test can be applied effectively. The offer under which the association is working is of top need as the fate of the earth and humankind is relying upon this exploration. It is exceptionally significant that this exploration will pick the correct populace on which the immunization test can be led. In any case, the time is constrained; in this manner, the odds are low that the surveys will be circulated among a huge populace to discover an appropriate information and reactions. Thusly, inside and out inquiries are not chosen for the poll. The survey will incorporate direct choices for the members with the goal that they can give recommendations about the populace on which the test will be applied. The survey will incorporate choices, for example, High-security detainment facilities, Asylums, malignant growth emergency clinic where the quantities of serious patients are high, offices where the quantity of seriously genuinely tested individuals is high and on the individuals who are as of now influenced by the infection (Perrodeau et al. 2016). Be that as it may, this infection won't just give insusceptibility from the infection yet will likewise assist with relieving the influenced people. In this way, it is likewise imperative to pick a populace that will incorporate various kinds of individuals like individuals from various culture, religion, foundation and age. This will give a reasonable thought that the cure will deal with every individual, ignoring their age, eating conduct and family foundation. Exploration Questions What will be the best populace for leading the test for the remedy? How the way toward infusing antitoxin will be done? How large should the populace be to comprehend whether the counteractant has a beneficial outcome or negative impact? How to limit the eventual outcomes of the reactions that originates from the cure, assuming any? Examination Objectives The goal of the examination is to discover the best different populace that will remember a wide range of individuals for which the trial of the created antitoxin will be led to see if there will be any significant reactions or not. Writing Review Tests on Prisoners As per Hornblum (2013), the best populace for doing any clinical test or investigation is high-security penitentiaries where the world's most perilous crooks are held hostage. (Beauchamp et al. 2014) referenced that, the facts confirm that every person has his own privileges. Notwithstanding, he additionally referenced that at whatever point a person encroaches on the rights on another such homicide, and afterward they relinquish their own cases to those rights. The individuals are then sentenced to various degrees of discipline dependent on the law. Along these lines, the Government can test any medications or explicit tests on the detainees to discover its helpfulness. In any case, Voigtlnder and Voth (2015) expressed that doing explores on detainees is a poorly conceived notion not due to good, moral and legitimate contentions yet in addition for the explanation that it incorporates some logical issues as well. He likewise referenced that it is beyond the realm of imagination to e xpect to normalize or control the clinical history of the detainees, and it is highly unlikely to glance out connections among's qualities and illnesses. Along these lines, the odds are high that directing exploration on detainees probably won't develop anticipated outcomes. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, as inspected by Fred D. Dark was a clinical report directed in Tuskegee, (Alabama Paul and Brookes 2015). The goal of the examination was to discover the impacts of second stage syphilis and afterward to inconsistently perform tests on these men to discover any conceivable answer for those reactions. During this investigation, the African-American men were informed that they would get treatment for ill will. However, those men never got penicillin that was considered as the best arrangement of Syphilis. Following 40 years of test, the story broke out and the current members document a claim against the specialists and the Government that helped the undertaking monetarily (Davis et al. 2012). The claim was lead by Fred D. Dark, who helped the rest of the members to win it and get $10 million. Nazi Experiments During WWII During the time of World War II, German specialists led a few clinical tests on detainees and even typical individuals. The notorious Dr. Josef needed to increase German race rapidly and he directed exploration on 1,000 sets of twins (Voigtlnder and Voth 2015). The investigation was directed on the detainees of Auschwitz. Another Nazi specialist named as Dr. Kurt infused the microorganisms of tuberculosis into the lungs of the individuals at Neugamme Concentration Camp. This caused at any rate 200 passings around then. Phosgene Gas was utilized during the hour of World War II. The Nazi specialists utilized the detainees of 52 death camp so as to discover a counteractant of that gas so German warriors can endure it (Voigtlnder and Voth 2015). In another endeavor to make their fighters all the more impressive, the Nazi specialists attempted to expel joints and appendages from an individual with an objective to transplant in someone else. This test again bombed colossally and numerous d etainees kicked the bucket. Exploration Design and Methodology Exploration structure and Methodology is a significant piece of this examination as completely great and legitimate system must be utilized with the goal that the outcome can be precise and material. Exploration Design As per Mackey and Gass (2015), research configuration is known as the most significant piece of an exploration philosophy. This part chooses and discovers the path by which the examination would be directed. Three examination plans are usually utilized in research systems that are exploratory, informative and engaging (Fletcher 2016). The exploratory examination configuration is utilized in those investigates where the issue of the exploration isn't depicted at the primary spot. Informative exploration is utilized when ones arrangement of center explains the issue and difficulties of examination (Lancaste 2012). Then again, clear examination configuration gives alternatives to assemble a legitimate point and goal in research. In this exploration plan, the nearness of clear point and target assists with understanding the need of the examination. Support: In this exploration, it is basic to follow the engaging examination structure. The exploratory examination configuration isn't material in this exploration as the issue or issue identified with the examination is as of now known. So as to discover the best populace where the counteractant test will be directed, it will be critical to build up a point and target that is applicable to the investigation (Sahu 2013). At that point dependent on those points and goals, the further examination will be directed. This is the explanation that spellbinding plan would be best for this exploration. Information Collection Method Information assortment technique is an essential piece of an exploration function as the strategy for information assortment chooses the adequacy and helpfulness of the examination result. For the most part two sorts of information assortment strategies are utilized in research works that are essential information and auxiliary information. As per Dul and Hak (2012), the essential information assists with gathering new data as it is accumulated from a focused on populace. Auxiliary information carefully relies upon the information and aftereffects of past exploration works and speculations. For this examination, it is suggested that essential information assortment strategy ought to be utilized. Legitimization: This exploration means to discover a populace on which the test should be possible to know whether the remedy will cause any significant reaction or not. For this situation, it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to gather information from auxiliary explores as no examination was done on this point previously (Azhdarzadeh et al. 2015). In any case, some different explores were done where research associations led a precise clinical test on a specific populace (Snyder 2012). Information can be gathered from that point to get a thought which will assist the specialists with choosing a legitimate populace. Notwithstanding, the current situation is totally extraordinary and moral contemplations won't influence the choices by any stretch of the imagination. Subsequently, the most significant part is to gather the data from the current populace (Nasta et al. 2016). That is the explanation that essential information assortment strategy must be utilized in this inves tigation. Subjective or Quantitative Subjective and Quantitative information assortment strategies are two areas of essential information assortment strategy. While doing explore, either subjective or quantitative strategies can be utilized. At times, both the strategies can be utilized to gather information (Crouch and Pearce 2012). Subjective information assortment strategy permits gathering information by directing meetings with either the higher specialists or an association or with an individual who has abundant measure of information on the exploration point. Then again, quantitative information assortment technique totally relies upon overview polls which are appropriated among a specific populace so as to gather their reactions (Crowther and Lancaster 2012). For this exploration, it is smarter to follow quantitative information assortment technique. In the flow situation, it would be practically difficult to gather information from the researchers and specialists who have led some comparative examination previously. Hence, it is smarter to get reactions from a specific populace to assess and discover what might the best populace to lead this examination (Mackenzie 2012). Examining Size and Technique The size of examining and method alludes to the effectiveness and lack of bias of the examination result. For the most part two sorts of inspecting techniques are utilized in investigates, which are likelihood testing and non-likelihood examining. As per Short et al. (2012), likelihood examining originates from reviews which are finished by circulating que

Purchase Behaviour Analysis: Perfumes

Buy Behavior Analysis: Perfumes Ajmal Perfumes is a family possessed business, based Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It was established by the Haji Ajmal Ali in the mid 1950s, in India and has developed from an unassuming exchanging house into a multimillion dollar corporate substance. Through 60 years of experience it gained rich legacy and expertise in the multifaceted craft of perfumery and cut a specialty for itself in the fragrance business as a trailblazer in scent making and a pioneer in the advertising of aroma items to a worldwide demographic (Ajmalperfume.com, 2011). It is a corporate element with a huge arrangement of more than 300 of the best and most dazzling scents and has more than 140 selective retail outlets over the GCC. Ajmal additionally has a nearness on the global front, at present sending out their impeccable scope of items to 30 nations over the world and elite nearness through select Duty Free areas and Airlines (Ajmalperfume.com, 2011). (Source: http://www.ajmalperfume.com/our_philosophy-pcident-1) Articulation of the issue Because of current economic situations, which is profoundly serious and progressively changing, particularly in the area of this specific store, Ajmal Perfumes is worried about the circumstance around it. Consequently this investigation plans to plot the properties affecting buy conduct Ajmal Perfumes clients. Target of the Study The fundamental target of this investigation is worried in sketching out the variables which impact the purchasing conduct of Ajmal Perfumes clients in their retail location situated in Murshid Bazaar, Deira, Dubai, UAE. Extension and Limitation of the Study Principle impediment of this examination was the protection issue, as the store where information assortment was held given restricted access to its client base and data. Subsequently the investigation didn't secured the socioeconomics of the respondents, which whenever utilized could get a change the conclusive outcomes as we would see it. Additionally because of restricted assets and absence of time the examination was constrained uniquely to the part of Murshid Bazaar situated in Deira and its outcomes can't show the circumstance in different parts of Ajmal Perfumes in UAE. Centrality of the Study The investigation of shoppers purchasing conduct as such is a significant viewpoint, as customers are the principle factor of any fruitful business. It was seen that the significance of anticipating the properties impacting the purchaser buying conduct in retail outlets is significant. This specific investigation investigates the various viewpoints that have sway on customers purchasing conduct in the retail outlet of Ajmal Perfumes. The aftereffects of which can assist with taking agreeing activities against feeble sides of the business, comprehend and actualize the fundamental ascribes to expand the fulfillment of clients of Ajmal Perfumes. Meaning of Terms Certainty level. A rate or decimal worth that tells how certain an analyst can be tied in with being right (Zikmund, 2003). Elucidating research. An examination intended to portray qualities of a populace or a wonder (Zikmund, 2003). Likert scale. A proportion of mentalities intended to permit respondents to demonstrate how firmly they concur or differ with deliberately built explanations that go from exceptionally positive to extremely negative toward an attitudinal article (Zikmund, 2003). Populace. A gathering of elements sharing some normal arrangement of qualities (Zikmund, 2003). Research instrument. An information assortment structure, for example, survey or other estimating gadget (Zikmund, 2003). Hypothesis. A reasonable arrangement of general suggestions used to clarify the clear connections among certain watched wonders (Zikmund, 2003). Variable. Anything that may expect diverse numerical or straight out qualities (Zikmund, 2003). Survey of Related Literature Writing survey gives an away from of the related research or potentially the work which is as of now done by somebody in the comparable region of research. This part diagrams the speculations which would help in understanding purchasing conduct of clients by concentrating on the components impacting it. Hypothetical Literature The information on customer shopping conduct is a significant angle in building up a compelling and fruitful business. Past investigates and hypotheses in buyer conduct contrasted with the hypothetical and experimental work on brand decision conduct, proposed that customers are utilizing shopping techniques as opposed to mark systems (Darden and Howell, 1987). Characterizing shopping conduct is troublesome, in light of the fact that it is an intricate and multidimensional idea with a few factors. In spite of the fact that the idea shopping direction is depicted by scientists from different points of view, certain significant factors are rehashed in the various portrayals (Prasad and Aryasri, 2011; Nielsen, 2011). The meanings of shopping direction mirror a perspective on shopping as an unpredictable individual, financial, social and recreational wonder (Darden and Howell, 1987; Shim and Kotsiopulos, 1993). The conduct of customers contrasts as indicated by where they are shopping and their inclusion level with the demonstration of shopping (Berman and Evans, 2005). Cardoso and Pinto (2010) analyzed gluttonous and utilitarian shopping inspirations among Portuguese youthful grown-up customers and recognizes seven shopping measurements: joy and satisfaction shopping, thought shopping, social shopping, job shopping, esteem shopping, accomplishment shopping and productivity related shopping. Related Studies Audit of the related writing has demonstrated that various looks into have expressed that client conduct is affected by numerous components including store picture, brand inclinations, their spending plan and so on. Rhee and Bell (2002) expressed that customers commonly have an essential alliance to a fundamental store that catches most of their buys. Taher et al. (1996) and Sirohi et al. (1998) accentuate that it is significant for retailers to deliberately look for data of the retail support understanding and afterward plan to construct store dependability dependent on enlarged administrations, including their money related ramifications. Research directed handling of store traits by methods for which shoppers conclude which will be their essential store. It is exactly analyzed that retail location characteristics influence store decision and buys (Leszczyc and Timmermans, 1997). Store decision and support contemplates have concentrated on customers inclination to focus on a similar store. The current models share a lot of normal factors to anticipate purchaser purchasing conduct and support conduct. In this area, those recently settled support models are quickly evaluated, and afterward the significant develops are contrasted and talked about with fabricate a reasonable establishment of the examination. The principal extensive model to represent the basic connections among affecting factors of store decision conduct was presented by Monroe and Guiltinan (1975). In their starter model of store decision, Monroe and Guiltinan (1975) recommended that purchasers store support conduct in changing setting is clarified by successive impacts of various builds: customers qualities, procedures for arranging and planning, significance of store characteristics and impression of stores. At long last, the analyst suggested partition of store recognitions and traits signifi cance, on account of the relative perseverance and all inclusive statement of the store observation contrasted with the significance of store properties. They also recommended the significance of involvement in a store in the development of store decision techniques (Laaksonen, 1993; Monroe and Guiltinan, 1975). Monroe and Guiltinans (1975) retail support model was refined by Darden and Howell (1987) who stressed the significance of suffering and stable shopping direction deciding a customers store decision. Darden et al. (1980) built up the support model of shopper conduct, which gave an extensive image of support conduct. Terminal qualities, ways of life, social class, and family were predecessors to shopping directions. These predecessors with media propensities and instrumental qualities likewise influenced store traits significance and the evoked store set. The second piece of the model was activated by improvements that set needs line moving and began the data search that prompted the evoked store sort. The evoked store set at that point affected store credit significance prompting support goals and support conduct. Schematic Diagram The accompanying outline shows that item characteristic is autonomous variable, where the buy conduct is needy variable. Quality Buy conduct Union At the point when the representatives of an association are confronting stressors circumstances than this will be influencing their activity contribution and pushing the association to the lower level of the efficiency. The activity contribution is connected to the significance of the work in people routine life, which implies that on the off chance that one is offering significance to his/her work unquestionably he/she is being faithful to his/her work just as to the association itself. Impacts of representative weight hands on contribution as indicated by the analyst and scholar in the survey of related writing has given the image that pressure is influencing the activity association that causes low effectiveness, low profitability, low enthusiasm for working, absence of worry for the partners and loss of the obligation, which is gradually pushing association to the track of misfortune. Research Methodology Research approach is a conversation inside the body of an examination report of the exploration plan, information assortment strategies, testing methods, hands on work systems, and information investigation endeavors (Zikmund, 2003). Research Design Research configuration is an all-inclusive strategy indicating the techniques and methods for gathering and dissecting the required data. It is a structure or diagram that designs the activity for the examination venture. The goals of the investigation decided during the beginning times of the exploration are remembered for the structure to ensur

Jordan 6 Carmine Uk Essay Example

Jordan 6 Carmine Uk Essay Jordan 6 Carmine uk is maybe the absolute best shoe customizer out right now, and the customer base differing from celebs and sports competitors the same hungry for his mark snakeskin uppers just checks this. With your a higher enthusiasm for his pined for customs, which regularly go in the $1,000 cost point, would we be able to begin to see the prevalence of people flipping their appointed custom kicks on eBay? Today we get a look at absolutely perhaps the best discharge inside this rich interpretation of air Jordan 1 Royal evacuated lower after which set up back with python skin inside a size 10.The Jordans 6 Carmine 2014 has kept on being decently separately unmistakable in light of the fact that we last observed the renowned first title outline hit this Feb in 2 Infrared installments. Despite the fact that the Carmine pair will polish things off for that long stretch of May, points of interest keep on being scanty around the red-shaded cowhide pair alluded to as History of Jordan Jordans 6. Would it be able to be a respect to Spike Lee in light of the fact that the internal covering incorporates a Spizike like example? Today we get another see this secretive pair having an exceptional upper while a frigid outsole contrasts utilizing the brightened padded sole area and inadequate accents of eco-friendly.Your Friday evening just would not be finished with no exhaustive summary out of your pals at Jordans 6 Carmine uk web based in regards to which athletic shoes the end of the week guarantees. Here you choose to go all the footwear you must be stressed over for tomorrow are recorded the accompanying. The Environment Jordan 2 is restoring, the Saucony footwear are especially profound in light of a twofold lower around the collab course, and you will discover three diverse Kyrie Irving HyperRev sets.

Free Essays on Time Problems In Hamlet

In watching Hamlet or in any event, perusing directly from the novel, one may get a feeling of time in that the play’s time and lines are straightforwardly identified with constant, or one may feel that most time is summed up or ignored to move things along. What numerous perusers, including myself, neglect to acknowledge is the way that Shakespeare, when composing Hamlet, really went to and fro. In certain scenes he skipped lumps of time while in others; time was steady along these lines making a tad of disarray concerning how to decipher the play itself. Kathryn Walls looks at this through the 2004 issue of the Explicator by Marvin D. Hinten who, thus, contends with Eric Sterling’s perspective fro the 2001 issue. In the 2001 issue of the Explicator, Eric Sterling offered the expression that Hamlet deliberately murdered Polonius. His purpose behind this presumption; time was not allowing. As taken from the 2004 issue of the Explicator in a contention with Eric Sterling, Marvin D. Hinten states: As per Sterling, Hamlet would think it unthinkable for Claudius to get done with asking so as to hole up behind the arras before the sovereign meets with Gertrude. It is inconceivable, Sterling decides, on the grounds that â€Å"a simple twenty four lines† happen between the asking and the killing. Hinten contended that â€Å"live crowds don’t liken stage time with genuine time† and that Shakespeare accepted that those perusing Hamlet would have left time to their creative mind. Real contends that stage time and constant must relate, hence supporting the way that Hamlet would have realized that in the negligible time he took to get to his mom, King Claudius would not have been done supplicating. Another case of time contortion in Hamlet is in the start of the play where Bernardo and Horatio are looking at making a beeline for bed at 12 PM, talk for a bit, and afterward before you know it, inside just fifteen minutes of stage time, morning comes and the sun rises. Also, finally this article shows that... Free Essays on Time Problems In Hamlet Free Essays on Time Problems In Hamlet In watching Hamlet or in any event, perusing directly from the novel, one may get a feeling of time in that the play’s time and lines are legitimately identified with ongoing, or one may feel that most time is summed up or dismissed to move things along. What numerous perusers, including myself, neglect to acknowledge is the way that Shakespeare, when composing Hamlet, really went to and fro. In certain scenes he skipped lumps of time while in others; time was consistent in this manner making a tad of disarray with respect to how to decipher the play itself. Kathryn Walls looks at this through the 2004 issue of the Explicator by Marvin D. Hinten who, thusly, contends with Eric Sterling’s perspective fro the 2001 issue. In the 2001 issue of the Explicator, Eric Sterling offered the expression that Hamlet deliberately murdered Polonius. His purpose behind this supposition; time was not allowing. As taken from the 2004 issue of the Explicator in a contention with Eric Sterling, Marvin D. Hinten states: As per Sterling, Hamlet would think it outlandish for Claudius to complete the process of supplicating so as to take cover behind the arras before the sovereign meets with Gertrude. It is outlandish, Sterling decides, on the grounds that â€Å"a negligible twenty four lines† happen between the imploring and the killing. Hinten contended that â€Å"live crowds don’t compare stage time with genuine time† and that Shakespeare accepted that those perusing Hamlet would have left time to their creative mind. Real contends that stage time and continuous must compare, in this way supporting the way that Hamlet would have realized that in the insignificant time he took to get to his mom, King Claudius would not have been done supplicating. Another occasion of time contortion in Hamlet is in the start of the play where Bernardo and Horatio are looking at making a beeline for bed at 12 PM, talk for a bit, and afterward before you know it, inside just fifteen minutes of stage time, morning comes and the sun rises. Also, in conclusion this article shows that...

East Campus Rush photos

East Campus Rush photos Ive been remiss in posting about Dorm Rush or Hall Rush, both of which happened about a month ago now. But I finally organized my pictures. In this case, a picture really is worth a thousand words, so Ill let the pictures do the talking. These are EC Rush photos. In the next entry, Ill cover Hall Rush with 5E Rush photos. Most of these are actually from right after Dorm Rush ended. We had a picnic in the courtyard, and rode the rides that people built. Most of what we build is made of wood. This year, some of our wooden structures were connected by bridges. We had a roller coaster, in the style where one hangs below the track rather than sitting in a car on top of the track. We had the car-on-top-of-the-track style in 2004. It was called 8.01: The Ride. This years roller coaster was called Danger Zone, which makes me think of the movie Top Gun. You know, Ride into the danger zone Despite its name, we took a lot of safety precautions with Danger Zone. Riders were strapped in with harnesses and had to wear helmets. I didnt manage to get a good picture of a rider in motion, but I did get a picture of this rider who was about to start his/her ride. Not every attraction has to be a ride. We also had thisthing. I guess its a mountain of wood and furniture. Top: Rachel 09. Bottom left to right: Ross 09, Christina (Harvard) 09, someone I probably know but dont recognize from behind in this picture, Greg 09, and Matt 09. We had another big ride that I actually enjoyed riding more. It was really, really fun, and surprisingly comfortable. No, thats not me in the photo. Heres another picture of it. As you can see, the rider is very safely strapped in. All our Rush rides are approved by the Safety Office. Here, my hallmate Clayton 08 prepares to ride. In the background, Nick 09, Tao Ben 09, and others help the previous rider off the cross. All in all, I thought we had pretty fun Rush attractions this year. Post Tagged #East Campus

Cambridge Judge MBA Essay Tips Deadlines [2019 - 2020]

The Cambridge Judge MBA program is a one-year program with a small class of around 200 students from 40+ countries. The Judge MBA is a very experiential program, with three required team projects engaging students with external companies or organizations. Judge is seeking applicants with proven academic abilities, ambition, the ability to thrive under pressure, international experience, and strong interpersonal skills. So use your essays to demonstrate that you have these qualities, but keep in mind that Judge is one of the few programs that is extremely strict about its word limits: not one additional word can be entered into the essay spaces beyond their word limits. Here are Judge’s questions, with my tips in blue below. Cambridge Judge MBA application essays Cambridge Judge MBA essay #1 Please provide a personal statement. It should not exceed 500 words and must address the following questions: What are your short and long term career objectives and what skills/characteristics do you already have that will help you achieve them? What actions will you take before and during the MBA to contribute to your career outcome? If you are unsure of your post-MBA career path, how will the MBA equip you for the future? This is a straightforward goals essay. Strong essays will demonstrate clear goals, insight into what skills you need to gain to succeed in those roles, and an understanding of the Judge curriculum and other campus activities that will help you acquire those skills. I personally love the phrasing of this question because for some applicants this is the first notification that they need to take an active role in their post-MBA job search. The admissions office cannot accept students who expect the school’s name and career services office to open every door for them, so applicants need to demonstrate in this essay that they are comfortable with that reality. Cambridge Judge MBA essay #2 What did you learn from your most spectacular failure? (up to 200 words) To fail spectacularly, you must take ambitious risks. This is a very concise space to demonstrate that you acknowledge and learn from your mistakes. I’ve seen first drafts where applicants wrote about failures that were completely out of their control or essentially blamed other people for the failure. These approaches do not make good failure essay topics since they do not demonstrate your maturity or your openness to learning. Choose an example in which you could have done better, you figured out how you could have succeeded and then show that you’ve internalized that lesson. hbspt.cta.load(58291, '636e0483-67ba-47a3-953e-3cbcfbe6d87c', {}); Cambridge Judge MBA essay #3 Describe a situation where you had to work jointly with others to achieve a common goal. What did you learn from the experience? (up to 200 words)   This is your opportunity to demonstrate your interpersonal skills, and possibly your international team leadership and ability to thrive under pressure. For this essay, show the challenges of both the project and the personalities and how you leveraged the latter to address the former. Cambridge Judge MBA essay #4 (optional) Please provide information on any aspect of your candidacy that requires further explanation, or information that you would like the Admissions Committee to know. (300 word limit) I personally always recommend taking advantage of optional essay space when offered it. This would be a great opportunity to share more about your international experiences, your interpersonal skills, or your activities outside of work. One additional area to expand beyond the tight word limits of Judge’s essay questions is within the job description boxes in the application form: Judge allows 550 words to describe your responsibilities, most significant challenge and accomplishment in your current company, so you can share details that provide richer perspective on these topic, including how you applied your business and interpersonal skills to succeed, in those parts of the application.. For expert guidance with your Cambridge Judge MBA application, check out Accepted’s  MBA Application Packages, which include comprehensive guidance from an experienced admissions consultant. We’ve helped hundreds of applicants get accepted to top MBA programs and look forward to helping you too! Cambridge Judge 2019-20 remaining application deadlines Round 3January 13, 2020* Round 4March 9, 2020* Round 5May 4, 2020* * Applications must be received before 23:59 GMT. ***Disclaimer: Information is subject to change. Please check with individual programs to verify the essay questions, instructions and deadlines.*** By Jennifer Bloom, admissions consultant at Accepted for 20 years and Certified Professional Resume Writer (CPRW). She is an expert at guiding you to produce application materials that truly differentiate you from the rest of the driven applicant pool. If you would like help with your application, Jennifer can suggest a number of options that work with any budget. Want Jennifer to help you get accepted? Click here to get in touch! Related Resources: †¢ Why MBA, a free guide to show you how to determine your MBA goals and weave them into compelling essays †¢ How Do You Deal with Criticism? MBA Admissions Committees Want to Know †¢ 4 Ways to Display Teamwork in Application Essays Cambridge Judge MBA Essay Tips Deadlines [2019 - 2020] The Cambridge Judge MBA program is a one-year program with a small class of around 200 students from 40+ countries. The Judge MBA is a very experiential program, with three required team projects engaging students with external companies or organizations. Judge is seeking applicants with proven academic abilities, ambition, the ability to thrive under pressure, international experience, and strong interpersonal skills. So use your essays to demonstrate that you have these qualities, but keep in mind that Judge is one of the few programs that is extremely strict about its word limits: not one additional word can be entered into the essay spaces beyond their word limits. Here are Judge’s questions, with my tips in blue below. Cambridge Judge MBA application essays Cambridge Judge MBA essay #1 Please provide a personal statement. It should not exceed 500 words and must address the following questions: What are your short and long term career objectives and what skills/characteristics do you already have that will help you achieve them? What actions will you take before and during the MBA to contribute to your career outcome? If you are unsure of your post-MBA career path, how will the MBA equip you for the future? This is a straightforward goals essay. Strong essays will demonstrate clear goals, insight into what skills you need to gain to succeed in those roles, and an understanding of the Judge curriculum and other campus activities that will help you acquire those skills. I personally love the phrasing of this question because for some applicants this is the first notification that they need to take an active role in their post-MBA job search. The admissions office cannot accept students who expect the school’s name and career services office to open every door for them, so applicants need to demonstrate in this essay that they are comfortable with that reality. Cambridge Judge MBA essay #2 What did you learn from your most spectacular failure? (up to 200 words) To fail spectacularly, you must take ambitious risks. This is a very concise space to demonstrate that you acknowledge and learn from your mistakes. I’ve seen first drafts where applicants wrote about failures that were completely out of their control or essentially blamed other people for the failure. These approaches do not make good failure essay topics since they do not demonstrate your maturity or your openness to learning. Choose an example in which you could have done better, you figured out how you could have succeeded and then show that you’ve internalized that lesson. hbspt.cta.load(58291, '636e0483-67ba-47a3-953e-3cbcfbe6d87c', {}); Cambridge Judge MBA essay #3 Describe a situation where you had to work jointly with others to achieve a common goal. What did you learn from the experience? (up to 200 words)   This is your opportunity to demonstrate your interpersonal skills, and possibly your international team leadership and ability to thrive under pressure. For this essay, show the challenges of both the project and the personalities and how you leveraged the latter to address the former. Cambridge Judge MBA essay #4 (optional) Please provide information on any aspect of your candidacy that requires further explanation, or information that you would like the Admissions Committee to know. (300 word limit) I personally always recommend taking advantage of optional essay space when offered it. This would be a great opportunity to share more about your international experiences, your interpersonal skills, or your activities outside of work. One additional area to expand beyond the tight word limits of Judge’s essay questions is within the job description boxes in the application form: Judge allows 550 words to describe your responsibilities, most significant challenge and accomplishment in your current company, so you can share details that provide richer perspective on these topic, including how you applied your business and interpersonal skills to succeed, in those parts of the application.. For expert guidance with your Cambridge Judge MBA application, check out Accepted’s  MBA Application Packages, which include comprehensive guidance from an experienced admissions consultant. We’ve helped hundreds of applicants get accepted to top MBA programs and look forward to helping you too! Cambridge Judge 2019-20 remaining application deadlines Round 3January 13, 2020* Round 4March 9, 2020* Round 5May 4, 2020* * Applications must be received before 23:59 GMT. ***Disclaimer: Information is subject to change. Please check with individual programs to verify the essay questions, instructions and deadlines.*** By Jennifer Bloom, admissions consultant at Accepted for 20 years and Certified Professional Resume Writer (CPRW). She is an expert at guiding you to produce application materials that truly differentiate you from the rest of the driven applicant pool. If you would like help with your application, Jennifer can suggest a number of options that work with any budget. Want Jennifer to help you get accepted? Click here to get in touch! Related Resources: †¢ Why MBA, a free guide to show you how to determine your MBA goals and weave them into compelling essays †¢ How Do You Deal with Criticism? MBA Admissions Committees Want to Know †¢ 4 Ways to Display Teamwork in Application Essays

The Color And Brightness Of The Sky - 1014 Words

Sunsets, rainbows, sundogs, and the sky have unique optics in our atmosphere. Everyone at some point in life have admired the beautiful colors of sunsets, rainbows, sundogs, and the sky. In essence, optics in the atmosphere can be breathtaking. The colors of the sky and colored displays in the sky are mostly a consequence of selective scattering by molecules or particles. Molecular scattering by wavelength incident sunlight of some wavelengths being scattered more than other, but the same in any direction at all wavelengths gives rise to the blue of the sky and the red of sunsets and sunrises. The scattering by the particles selective by its direction. However, it is different in different directions at a certain wavelength. This gives rise to a phenomena known as a sundogs and other crystal displays such as halos and rainbows. The size distribution of these particles and their shapes determine what is being observed, such as, water droplets and ice crystals. To understand the color and brightness of the sky it requires coming to grips with multiple scattering: scatters in an ensemble are illuminated by incident sunlight and by the scattered light from each other. The optical properties of an ensemble are not necessarily those of its individual members. Phenomena in our atmosphere such as sunsets, sundogs, and blue skies have been a cause of curiosity for humans for a long time. Scientists and astrophysicists are now able to explain these with reasoning and scientificShow MoreRelatedDeeper Interpretations of Sunrise by the Ocean by Vladimir Kush748 Words   |  3 Pagesthe only source of brightness in the painting. The sky is not drawn with much color, appearing to by a shade of gray, showing the early hours of dawn before the sun has illuminated the sky. There are a few clouds in the sky directly over the sun. These clouds are dark gray in color and very thin. The rays of light that shine out from the sun cut through these clouds. The sun is at a point i n its ascent that it barely sits on the water. The ocean is not drawn with much color either, drawn alsoRead MoreThe All Sky Survey1357 Words   |  6 PagesSurvey} \label{sec::chips} The \textit{CHiPS} survey is designed around the idea that centrally concentrated galaxy clusters or clusters hosting central QSOs can be misidentified as field AGN in the \textit{ROSAT} All-Sky Survey. By conducting an extensive follow-up survey of an all-sky X-ray point source catalog to look for galaxy overdensities, we will obtain a sample of such galaxy clusters. The primary question the sample will answer is whether there are other extreme-BCG clusters, similar to theRead MoreThe Portrait Of Anne Montgomery1334 Words   |  6 Pageswith each other making the presentation of the portrait appear realistic. Moreover, Sir Reynolds’s painting of Anne Montgomery was created using techniques commonly used in the 18th century by European artists. Its media is oil on canvas and the colors used are mainly oil. The paint is applied in many different ways. It is thickly painted with what appears to be a very coarse brush. The texture of the painting provides a clue on the type of brush that was used and how it was painted because it appearedRead More Astronomy Essay1029 Words   |  5 Pagesbodies, meaning anything in the sky such as stars, galaxies, comets, planets, nebulae, and so on. Many people, if not everyone, is amazed by the night sky on a clear, moonless night. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Astronomy dates back to ancient times when peoples such as the Babylonians, Egyptians, and Chinese kept written records of astronomical events and occurrences. Today’s seven day week originates from the Babylonians’ seven important bodies in the night sky: the Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, JupiterRead MoreSymbolism And Symbolism In Whartons Ethan Frome1356 Words   |  6 Pagesthink about all of the details within the plot. Some of the symbols can’t even be recognized until the last occurrences and events take place. The author of Ethan Frome, Edith Wharton, uses a variety of symbolism including symbolic and indicative colors, contrasting lights, and significant names to add to the development of the plot as long as well as the takeaway from the novel. The name of the town itself is a symbol of bleakness and tragic events throughout the novel. The word â€Å"stark† meansRead MoreThe Roar Of Our Stars By Alice X962 Words   |  4 PagesIn the art work, The Roar of Our Stars by Alice X. Zhang, there are numerous details that are present. In this piece there is a sky that starts off as dark blue and red towards the bottom, but as it gets to the top it transitions to a less dark blue, and then to a light blue with a touch of a light red on the left side. Across the sky there are what seems to be hundreds of white points with yellow tints that start off distinct and small towards the bottom, while growing in size and have a faded lookRead MoreThe Place Where I Feel Most Comfortable884 Words   |  4 Pagesup the sky. As white seagulls dash high on the horizon sky; the mystifying ocean waves roar as the salty breeze dances and the clouds sail the sky. The ocean’s bliss fills the air; ebbing waters are calm and refreshing . As it opens and closes, it echoes out a most agonizing sound, a screech, loud and rugged, as it takes over the water. Liquid jewels jump out in spray, splashing across the aged ever-living stone that’s so high above marmalade skies. A calm breeze whistles across the sky, the seaRead MoreVisual And Contextual Analysis Of Vincent Van Gogh s The Starry Night961 Words   |  4 Pagespeaceful luminescent stars emanating outward like vibrant yellow halos into the captivating striking blue sky. I felt a sense of calm and tranquility as the bright orange moon shone intently over the serene village below. The sprawling mountain range, grassy hills and fields of wheat intensified this feeling as a soft wind swept through the countryside. Under the immense stars and vibrant night sky, the people of the village sleep soundly in their cottages. This painting exudes an overwhelming feelingRead MoreThe Chapel of Vence: Art and Enlightenment1008 Words   |  5 PagesThe Chapel of Vence : Art and Enlightenment Best known for his use of color, Henri Matisse cleverly cultivated his status as a modern artist using many different styles of painting from Impressionism to Fauvism. The artwork of Matisse has been a milestone in the history of painting. Henri Matisse’s self-proclaimed masterpiece, however, a chapel in Vence, France, is a small, minimalist building. The amalgamation of modern art and the sacred creates a unique spiritual experience in that it welcomesRead MoreReflection Of A Blue Sky868 Words   |  4 Pages The sky is not really blue,it is a reflection of light. Our eyes perceive it as blue.The sun is the main power source the earth. The sun may appear yellow or white, but it is a mixture of many colors. As the white light appears from the sun, it travels through the earths atmosphere, and collides with particles from the air(Physics,2015). The reason we may see a blue sky rather than a brown one during the day is because, Blue is a shorter wavelength and is scattere d more than a red light which

Forms Of Violence Against Women - 1210 Words

Forms of Violence Against Women Introduction In Pakistan, women live in a confined world that is structured by family, tribal, and religious customs. As such, women are subjected to not only violence but also discrimination on a daily basis. This has been brought about by the interpretation of Islam, the main religion in the country, which views women as persons needing maximum protection. This consequently leads to their oppression emotionally, physically, and mentally. They face various forms of discrimination, inequality, and violence in almost each and every aspect of life. In Pakistan, brutality on females is not conceived as a dangerous, grave violation of human rights. Instead, it is regarded as one of the many normal aspects of life. Pakistani women live in fear since they are expected to remain obedient and submissive to social traditions and norms. Most of the cases of ferocity that are directed towards women take place in homes, workplaces, and political podiums. Based on the above situation, this paper identifies and discusses exhaustively different forms and causes of viciousness against women in Pakistan. It also examines some of the widespread impacts of the same to the victims, society, and country at large. Finally, it explores the immediate possible remedies and lasting solutions to this problem. Firstly, violence against women takes different dimensions. In other words, there are many forms of violence and discrimination against women and girls whichShow MoreRelatedRape : A Common Form Of Violence Against Women1871 Words   |  8 PagesKhoi Nguyen C02332607 Sociology G100 Nina Chapman Rape In almost every part of history, women have been fighting for their rights to be recognized, including the ownership of their own bodies. For the past centuries, it was believed that after a marriage of a woman, she would be owned by her husband, by another words, she gave her husband the authority over her, including her entire body. Therefore, raping his wife for any reason was not considered to be wrong thing to do because upon marriage,Read MoreGendered Violence And The White Ribbon Campaign1213 Words   |  5 Pagestoday’s society is gendered violence. Gendered violence is violence that occurs because of the role expectations associated with each gender, as well as the unequal power relationships between the genders (Defining Gender-Based Violence). The more common form of this is violence against women. One campaign that is working diligently to try and eliminate this problem is the White Ribbon Campaign. The White Ribbon Campaign is a movement of boys and men working t o end violence against females and promote genderRead MoreThe International Context Of Violence Against Women Essay1089 Words   |  5 Pagesatrocities being perpetrated against women in various forms, combinations and modes. This volume highlights various aspects of domestic violence, dowry, exploitation in various ways besides teen dating, sexual slavery, rape and various other aspects besides the role of police in curbing this evil as the pillars of administration. It highlights the plight of women world over in the light of various studies on violence against women. It farther underscores the various aspects of violence with a focus on variousRead MoreThe Effects of Violence on Women Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Violence on Women Violence affects the lives of millions of women worldwide, in developing, as well as in developed countries. It cuts across cultural and religious barriers, restricting women from fully participating in society. Violence against women has many forms in which it comes in, from domestic abuse and rape to child marriages and female circumcision. All are violations of the most fundamentalRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women Act910 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic violence affects millions of Americans in different circumstances annually. Over the years, the numbers of reported cases of domestic violence gained stable growth prompting social activists and legislators to draw stiff measures to counter the problem. About one in four women are affected by domestic violence in the United States. The Bureau of Justice Statistics estimates that at least four-hundred and seven-thousand incidents of domestic violence crimes were committed in the year 2010Read MoreAnnually 4.8 Million Women Are Physically Assaulted Or1398 Words   |  6 PagesAnnually 4.8 million women are physically assaulted or raped by someone they know or their intimate partners, which translates to three women being killed by their partners each day in the United States (Naylor). The United States has an alarming rate of violence against women , which is a grave violation of human rights. Its impact ranges from immediate to long-term physical, sexual, and mental effects for women and girls, such as depression, PTSD and death. Although both genders are guaranteedRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement Essay1561 Words   |  7 Pagestowards the elimination of violence against women under the United Nations Crime Prevention and Justice Program. As it pertains to Canada, Lakeman (2006) affords that The Vancouver Rape Relief Center shelters over 100 rape domestic abuse victims each year. However, in spite of the great, motivating, and inspiring strides that have over the years been made towards the realization of gender parity and women’s empowerment (Human Rights Watch, 2006), a large number of women around the world are traffickedRead MoreGender Based Violence Is An Violation Of Human Rights962 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"UNPF (2005) contends violence against women as an extreme violation of human rights which results in harm and suffering. The United Nations 1993 definition of â€Å"Gender-based Violence is, â€Å"Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivations of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life† (IRIN, 2015) This issue once believed to be tabooRead MoreDomestic Violence on Women in Society1730 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Violence on Women and girls in Society Tabinda Asghar Dow Institute of Nursing Abstract Violence alongside women and girls is a sign of previously uneven authority relations among men and women, which have led to command over and unfairness against women by men and to the avoidance of the full progression of women. These types of terrible actions against women and girls continues to be a global epidemic that kills, tortures, and wound- physically, psychologically, sexually and economicallyRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women And Girls1600 Words   |  7 Pageshuman rights, to support and help survivors of violence, to explain why violence against women and girls is not acceptable, and to ensure that perpetrators are prosecuted and punished. This was spoken by the Minister for Equality and Ecclesiastical Affairs and the Minister for Development Cooperation in Denmark. The country of Denmark is a small nation that faces the problem of domestic violence. To comprehend the issue of domestic violence against women in Denmark, it is important to understand the

Creating Customer Value, Satisfaction, and Loyalty...

Chapter 5: Creating Customer Value, Satisfaction, and Loyalty GENERAL CONCEPT QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. ________ are adept at building customer relationships, not just products; they are skilled in market engineering, not just product engineering. a. Profit-centered companies b. Customer-centered companies c. Production-centered companies d. Sales-centered companies e. Promotion-centered companies Answer: b Page: 119 Difficulty: Easy AACSB: Reflective Thinking 2. The opening vignette on Ritz-Carlton shows that successful marketers are the ones that fully ________. a. understand promotional strategy b. diversify their product line c. divorce themselves from a production mentality d. satisfy their†¦show more content†¦customer attitude and salesperson’s attitude Answer: b Page: 124 Difficulty: Hard AACSB: Reflective Thinking 12. The ultimate goal of the customer-centered firm is ________. a. high customer satisfaction b. high profits c. low costs d. maximum stakeholder satisfaction e. none of the above Answer: e Pages: 124–125 Difficulty: Hard AACSB: Reflective Thinking 13. Buyers form their expectations from all of the following EXCEPT ________. a. past buying experience b. friends and associates advice c. marketers’ information d. competitors’ information e. governmental newsletters Answer: e Page: 125 Difficulty: Easy AACSB: Analytic Skills 14. A customer’s decision to be loyal or to defect is the sum of many small encounters with the company. In order for all these small encounters to add up to customer loyalty, many companies, such as Joie de Vivre Hospitality, strive to create ________. a. a reward program b. a comprehensive customer database c. a branded customer experience d. strong word-of-mouth promotions e. a top-notch advertising campaign Answer: c Page: 125 Difficulty: Hard AACSB: Reflective Thinking 15. One key to customer retention is ________. It would be wise for a company to measure this factor frequently. a. heavy promotion b. deep discounts for intermediaries c. to have an ethics officer d. customer satisfaction e. to have customers on the board of directors Answer:Show MoreRelatedCustomer Retention Strategies At Mcdonald s Corporations1502 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of the customer retention strategies at McDonald s corporations 1b What is the issue/problem that your proposal addresses and why is it important to the reader? This research proposal aims to address the several customer retention strategies implemented by the famous food chain restaurant, Mc Donald. Bearing in mind the increased significance of enhanced customer relationships, this topic is worthwhile to be examined for gaining an insight about the different tactics and strategiesRead MoreChallenges and Opportunities for Ob1613 Words   |  7 PagesORB PQ Chapter 3 : Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 1. Which of the following answer choices is the best definition of attitude? a. Attitudes indicate how one will react to a given event. b. Attitudes are the yardstick by which one measures one’s actions. c. Attitudes are the emotional part of an evaluation of some person, object or event. d. Attitudes are evaluative statements concerning objects, people or events e. Attitudes are a measure of how theRead MoreLiterature Review Summary19571 Words   |  79 Pagesimpact of customer satisfaction and business performance from its antecedents of customer loyalty and retention, customer relationship management, based on performance of attribute in retail industry. A case study of ASDA is presented as concept proof. A detailed background of satisfaction of customer, loyalty and retention towards product or service performance represents the continuous challenges in the corporate financial gain and loss. Organisations usually consider enhanced customer relationshipRead MoreBenefits of Employee Engagement in Organizations1022 Words   |  5 Pagesmarketing, business, psychology and public relations because of the supposed benefit that employee engagement brings to the employee, the customers and the company. Various scholars have listed these benefits, which can all be divided between an organisation-level and an employee level. On an organisational level employee engagement is said to contribute to customer loyalty, profitability, employee turnover (Hayes, T. 2002) stakeholder return, growth (Sask, A. 2005; Heskett et al, 2002) out-performing competitionRead MoreCase Study1749 Words   |  7 Pagesstrongest influence being utilized. The goal here is to have the target market identify and internalize group values and beliefs and then act on them. The implicit belief is that Camry is part of an active, adventurous, urban lifestyle. Notice the strategy of showing a member of the target group using the automobile which is consistent with an identification influence strategy. Q3) What values and aspirations does this campaign tap into relating to the sub-groups of professional women and professionalRead MoreAn Evaluation on the Customer Relationship Management (Crm) Service Marketing (Sm) with Special Reference to Emirates Airline†30191 Words   |  121 PagesDISSERTATION â€Å"AN EVALUATION ON THE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT (CRM) amp; SERVICE MARKETING (SM) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO EMIRATES AIRLINE† March 8, 2010 By: YASIR ALI 0811866996244 Dissertation submitted In the partial fulfillment of the requirement For the degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (FINANCE) UNIVERSITY OF WALES, UK. March 2010 Submitted by: YASIR ALI, UNIVERSITY ID: 0811866996244 Dissertation Declaration Form DECLARATION This work has not previously acceptedRead MoreCustomer Value in Budget Airline Industry2925 Words   |  12 Pagespreeminent customer value which will help the companies consolidate their competitive advantage and achieve long-term profitability. Companies have responded to customers’ expectation by increasing the value offered to them through improving products quality, reducing prices and intensifying customer services (Bill Dodds, 2003). In the transportation industry, there are more and more budget airlines and they are fiercely competing. Budget airlines dropped their prices to attract customers and priceRead MoreRelationship Marketing Approach and Strategiesin Retailing3357 Words   |  14 Pagesdynamic and competitive retail environment. With increased globalization, market saturation and increased competitiveness through mergers and acquisitions, retailers are seeking competitive advantages by better managing customer relations. In today’s high tech age, where the marketing concepts and tools have undergone major changes with the introduction of e-commerce, online selling, network marketing, direct marketing, relationship marketing has become the base on which the business strategies as wellRead MoreThe Evolution of Selling: a Study of Historic and Contemporary Sales Methods and Attitudes1474 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironments. The main task of the salespeople was to increase the number of potential cust omers (M.Strader, A.Wysocki, 2012). However, as M.Strader and A.Wysocki claim, â€Å"sales representatives generally had very little feedback within the company and were viewed as contracted help. They were paid strictly on a commission basis, so they had very little loyalty to either the firm for which they worked or the customers to whom they sold the products†. As long as the salespeople performed sales, the businessesRead MoreAn Evaluation on the Customer Relationship Management (Crm) Service Marketing (Sm) with Special Reference to Emirates Airline†30204 Words   |  121 PagesDISSERTATION â€Å"AN EVALUATION ON THE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT (CRM) amp; SERVICE MARKETING (SM) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO EMIRATES AIRLINE† March 8, 2010 By: YASIR ALI 0811866996244 Dissertation submitted In the partial fulfillment of the requirement For the degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (FINANCE) UNIVERSITY OF WALES, UK. March 2010 Submitted by: YASIR ALI, UNIVERSITY ID: 0811866996244 Dissertation Declaration Form DECLARATION This

A Brief Note On George Curley And The Oppressed - 1022 Words

Sarah Garcia Professor Bell History 20W Due: 1 December 2014 Section # 68 – TA George Curley How†¦? and The Oppressed In the year 1941 during the middle of WWII, the Atlantic Charter created between U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was made in a secret meeting to secure their ally status with each other. Highlighted in this charter are rights the â€Å"self† should have, including: â€Å"†¦self-determination and self-government, equal economic opportunity, and the ability ‘to live in freedom from fear and want’† (p. 223). Because the U.S. and Britain were considered the â€Å"great nations†, their popularity led marginalized people involved in social justice movements at the time to catch on to these ideas of the rights of â€Å"self† stated in the charter. These marginalized people realized that if the U.S. and Britain strived so much for freedom, equality, and self-governing, they, the oppressed, should have been left at peace without dealing with people being racist or condescending towards them. Steve Biko, a writer on Black consciousness and the oppressor/oppressed in society, stated a solution to seek true humanity to rid of the problems at hand. I argue that Steve Biko’s assertion about Black Nationalism that â€Å"†¦the most powerful weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed† (p. 248) resonated in the writings of participants of the socially marginalized in Black Nationalism and Consciousness, Decolonization, and the

Commerce Clause Health Care Free Essays

The Commerce Clause was merely placed in our Constitution to ensure that states couldn’t establish laws or regulations that would hinder with trade and economic commerce, in result gave Congress the power â€Å"to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes. † To me, the Commerce Clause was once legitimate in the sense that the economic activity was mainly trade based and to prevent the intense rivalry among states, Congress needed to have the power to control interstate commerce to render conflicts. When creating and establishing the Commerce Clause I believe it could have been thought through and furthermore written in a more distinct and detailed way to accommodate the issues we have had. We will write a custom essay sample on Commerce Clause Health Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because it wasn’t stated, U. S. Supreme Court ruled Congress to control intrastate commerce as long as the commerce significantly affects commerce involving more than one state, resulting from Gibbons v. Ogden. Sometimes I wonder if it’s realistic to think Congress will get to the point of controlling every aspect of our life, until something like the Affordable Care Act comes into consideration and keeps me questioning, what will be next. The Government’s argue is, under the Commerce Clause that Congress has the power to mandate the Affordable Care Act. Their philosophy is that Congress can demand people to buy health insurance, and if they refuse, then it would be affecting interstate commerce weakening the Act’s other developments. Their reasoning is that there are individuals who currently do not have medical insurance that are making a remarkable amount of visits to the doctor. In result, leaving hospitals reaching out to insurance companies to recover what they didn’t get paid for treating the non-insured. Consequently, insurance companies will start raising premiums higher and higher which will penalize those who already have insurance and those who reach out for insurance where premiums have raised to a point that it is unaffordable for the average citizen, then the problem will get worse. The argument against the Affordable Care Act is that it violates the Commerce clause regarding the fact that Congress has the power to regulate interstate commerce and intrastate commerce as long as the conflict in commerce is among more than one state. Some states, like Virginia, have passed or are in consideration of declaring a law that the Affordable Care Act can’t be enforced in their States. In the article on the Reuter’s website it says, â€Å"State legislators in Maine, Montana, Nebraska, Oregon, Texas, and Wyoming have introduced bills that establish penalties, including fines and jail time, for any agent seeking to enforce the healthcare law within their states’ borders. Congress has the power to do most of which they feel capable of doing and if they can prove a good enough argument to the Supreme Court that inactivity affects interstate commerce then I think no matter what the States arguments are going to be shut down. Regarding tax, the Government argues that if their power under the commerce clause doesn’t support the mandate, then they will implement the power of Congress to tax. The mandate was Congress’s solution to those who decided they weren’t going to get health insura nce, preventing cost shifting. Cost shifting was their answer as to why they can force the individual mandate and it’s because the â€Å"failure to purchase insurance has a substantial and deleterious effect on interstate commerce. † The Government believes that health care at some point in life is unavoidable, whether it’s an emergency or through insurance, that’s why they have created the individual mandate penalty to refrain from premiums rising. The main argument against the mandated tax is that when lobbying for the bill, President Obama stated that there would not be a new tax involved with the individual mandate requiring coverage. But the penalty will be collected through tax filings and the Federal Government says that the fine is in their power to levy. From the Reuter’s article it says, â€Å"States say the U. S. Government does not have the authority to charge the fine and point to the discrepancy between Obama’s statements and the U. S. Government’s arguments. † Government regulation in business is everywhere, from advertising, employment and labor, privacy, environmental, and safety and health issues. The ultimate reason there are so many regulations is so that consumers are protected and it helps businesses to thrive at the same time. What is so interesting about the law is that we have a firm foundation, but the law will always be changing because with time there will come a new circumstance with no precedent that will cause a controversy like the Affordable Care Act itself. I just hope it doesn’t get to the point that the Government abuses its powers given to them by the framers who created our Constitution to resolve conflict, not create it. How to cite Commerce Clause Health Care, Papers

Environmentalists Confront Overpopulation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Environmentalists Confront Overpopulation. Answer: Introduction Overpopulation is a condition where the number of the existing population exceeds the number of resources available for the survival of the population comfortably. This condition is undesirable as it affects the ability of human capacity in that environment to be adequately productive thus becoming an issue. This condition is or can be influenced by various factors that some include; reduced rate of mortality, reduced use of birth control measures, and availability of better medical facilities with well provided medical services among others (MONROE, 2014). Overpopulation is one of the major threats to human growth and development today because it influences massive increase of environmental pollution, overconsumption of the natural resources such as farming products, fresh water, and land among others. Overpopulation is an environmental issue that has resulted in various effects. These effects tend to negatively affect the rate at which activities intended for development take place due to overutilization of the available natural resources. Some of these include; Increased conflicts and wars. As a result of the increased population over the available natural resources results to disagreements and wars (SINGH, SINGH, SRIVASTAVA, 2017). As a major effect, the strain of resources to utilize on development issues of both the environment and the people has been encouraged. For the development of both the people and the environment at large, natural resources are very important and its depletion results to disagreements. Example, water is a natural resource that is required by both human population, as well as the environment and its over depletion, may result in reduced life span, low levels of development, as well as reduced human activities as nobody, can survive without water (EMMOTT, 2013). The high cost of living as well as increasing rates of unemployment. Overpopulation is characterized by increased number of population that is focused on using the same set of natural resources. As a result, people tend to strain on acquiring the same resources important for survival thus increasing the cost of acquiring the products (CAFARO CRIST, 2012). This is very unfortunate and is an issue that negatively affects the environment as a whole. Increasing rates of unemployment have also been as a result of increasing rates of the population that only the most qualified ones tend to acquire the few existing job opportunities. In some cases, overpopulation tends to employ the scientific fact of survival for the fittest as only the few can get access to the resources as well as the existing job opportunities. I choose this topic on overpopulation because its really a big issue. Having outlined the various effects enhanced by overpopulation on the rate of growth and development of both the environment and human population, its clear to notice that this condition is a real threat for development. To improve on this, the condition can be reduced or positively dealt with through empowering people on the need to control the rates of population growth. This can be done by providing adequate sex education as even the very young are giving birth in this era, create awareness on the use of family planning methods among the people as a measure of birth control among other factors. Overpopulation is a serious and big issue and should be controlled using the right means. References CAFARO, P., CRIST, E. 2012. Life on the brink: environmentalists confront overpopulation. Athens, University of Georgia Press. EMMOTT, S. 2013. 10 billion. MONROE, J. S. 2014. The changing earth: exploring geology and evolution. SINGH, R. P., SINGH, A., SRIVASTAVA, V. 2017. Environmental issues surrounding human overpopulation.

Communication Breakdown free essay sample

Breakdown Deborah Tannen in her essay â€Å"Sex Lies and Conversation† points out the problems in communication between genders. She focuses on conversational styles and on how a person’s expectations of one’s reaction may cause misunderstanding. She emphasizes the importance of something she calls cross cultural communication. Tannen believes that in order to communicate properly with the opposite sex we must learn their culture and adapt to conversation with them. First, Tannen describes the differences in how children socialize. Most of what we know about communication we learned when we were children. When women are little girls, they have best friends, ones we can share our secrets with. When we get a little older and have a relationship with the opposite sex we expect the same kind of communication. Tannen believes the importance is not necessarily the topic but the feeling that you get from conversation and points out ,â€Å"What is important is not the individual subjects that are disclosed but the sense of closeness, of a life shared, that emerges when people tell their thoughts, feelings and impressions† (51). We will write a custom essay sample on Communication Breakdown or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We must learn to socialize with the opposite sex the same way we do with the same sex. If we could learn to connect and have the â€Å"sense of closeness† with the opposite sex we might be able to communicate successfully. Tannen’s research has shown that men socialize differently as boys and â€Å"Since they don’t assume talk is the cement that binds the relationship, men don’t know what kind of talk women want, and they don’t miss it when it isn’t there†(51). Tannen points out that boys learn to communicate in larger groups, often struggling not to be in the subaltern position of the conversation. Men do not like to listen; they like to feel like they are the superior person in the conversation. (51) Communication starts in childhood and what we have learned to expect from conversations. Next, Tannen observes how men and women listen to each other and how this can cause misunderstanding between genders . She feels that there is confusion about what women expect and declares, â€Å"When women talk to each other in a close, comfortable setting, they often overlap, finish each other’s sentences and anticipate what the other is about to say† (53). Tannen also talks about listener noise. Women often will say â€Å"mhm† or â€Å"uhuh† and men do not do these things when they talk to each other. Women are looking for that â€Å"listener noise† and if he is silent, she thinks he is ignoring her but on the same token Tannen notes, â€Å"Men who expect silent attention interpret a stream of listener noise as overreaction or impatience† (53). Body language and conversational habits are causing women to feel like they are being ignored and men to feel as if they are being interrupted. When a woman is having a conversation they expect the listener to â€Å"express agreement† and be supportive of the conversation. Men, on the other hand, feel it is their conversational duty to express other positions in the argument. (53) Learning the importance of building a rapport with the person you are talking to may be another way to have successful conversation with the opposite sex. Finally, Tannen believes that learning how the opposite sex communicates is the key. If we can learn what to expect when communicating with someone then we can learn how to respond. Tannen suggests â€Å" A sociolinguistic approach by which male-female conversation is seen as cross- cultural communication allows us to understand the problem and forge solutions without blaming either party†(54). Tannen stresses the importance of telling the other person how you feel about their communication with you and advises,† Women who feel abandoned and deprived when their husbands won’t listen to or report daily news may be happy to discover their husbands trying to adapt once they understand the place of small talk in women’s relationships† (55). It is really not the male or females fault that we communicate the way we do but it is our fault if we do not speak up and tell them it bothers us. When we are in a relationship with another person we just have to adapt to the way they communicate to make the relationship work. If a woman learns to accept that her husband is not going to communicate with her like her best girlfriend did in her childhood then she can look for other people to hold those types of conversation with. (55) Learning to communicate with the opposite sex involves many different things. Communication is something that is learned in childhood but mostly with the same sex. In order to have a successful relationship with good communication we must understand that men and women have very different body language when communicating and that they do not respond the same. Accepting that there is a difference in the communication of genders and learning to adapt is paramount in relationships. Tannen, Deborah. â€Å"Sex, Lies and Conversation. † The Norton Mix. Judy Sieg. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 2012. 45-55. Print.

Honors Course Application Essay Sample - Which One Will Get You Noticed?

Honors Course Application Essay Sample - Which One Will Get You Noticed?With so many different honors course application essays to choose from, how do you pick out the best one for your application? You want to ensure that the essay is properly constructed, that it is interesting and unique. And just how do you go about choosing the honors course application essay sample that is best suited for your purpose?As you're using a variety of different essay samples to choose from, you will find that you are offered some interesting choices. The majority of them fall into the 'recruiting' category, with somewhat bland statements that you might use in your resume. Some of them are made up of two-word sentences that don't appear to be grammatically correct or convey anything at all.Which honors course application essay sample are you going to use to determine which one is most appropriate for your application? The best possible honors course application essay is the one that opens the person' s eyes to the opportunities available for them and also conveys their interest in the course. And that's what you should be looking for: an admission letter that has the potential to get you noticed.A lot of admissions essays include a strong paragraph that serves to compliment the rest of the essay. What about the admissions essay sample that is most likely to create this kind of response? You might consider the honors course application essay sample that contains quotations from other individuals. As you apply your own research, you'll be surprised at the positive changes you see that you were not aware of.But it's not just quotations that you should be looking for in your honors course application essay sample. The essay must communicate your thoughts clearly and explicitly. The better essay writers are the ones who write straightforwardly. Look for pieces that have a clear voice, one that sticks out even at a distance and one that is easy to understand. Now you've gotten your ho nors course application essay sample and you're ready to see if it's what you're looking for. Do you feel that you're prepared? Take the time to read the essays. Notice the kind of wording they use and the tone they use.The best honors course application essay is the one that does a good job of attracting the attention of your potential decision makers. That's what makes it so special. Look for a diverse set of honors course application essay samples so that you can be prepared for any situation. By following the right principles, you'll be sure to find the right honors course application essay sample to choose from.

Abraham Lincoln Essays (381 words) - Abraham Lincoln,

Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was born Sunday, February 12, 1809, in a log cabin near Hodgenville, Kentucky. He was the son of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, and he was named for his paternal grandfather. Thomas Lincoln was a carpenter and a farmer. Both of Abraham's parents were members of a baptist congregation which had seperated from an another church due to opposition of slavery. Lincoln was a pretty average his whole life, despite his giantism. When he was older his opposition in slavery led him to run for president. In the 1860 Republican Presidential nomination Lincoln won, beating Hannibal Hamlin. On November 6, 1860, Lincoln was elected the 16th president, defeating Douglas, John Bell, and John C. Breckinridge. In February of 1861 the Lincoln's left by train for Washington D.C. Lincoln was now wearing a beard at the suggestion of an 11 year old girl. After Lincoln's election many Southern states, fearing Republican control in government, seceded from the Union. Lincoln faced great internal crisis of any US president. After the fall of Ft. Sumter, Lincoln raised an army and decided to fight to save the Union from falling apart. Despite enormous pressures, loss of life, battlefield setbacks, generals who weren't ready to fight, assasination threats, and other things, Lincoln stuck with this pro-Union policy for 4 long years of Civil War. On January 1, 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation was signed by Lincoln. This ment that all slaves in the confederate states could go free. Also in November of 1863 he gave the Gettysburg Address which dedicated the battlefield there to the soldiers who had perished. He called on the living to finish the tasks of the dead soldiers. In April of 1865 Lincoln attened a play at Ford's Theatre entitled, "Our American Cousin." During the performance John Booth arrived at the theatre and shot Lincoln in the back of the head. Lincoln was a great man who was beloved by many people. he set many goals from people and goals for himself that helped resolve many national issues. His knowledge was that he knew if he didn't fight to save the Union that it would fall apart. He alsi knew that slavery had to be stopped. He stopped slavery by the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation. By fighting the Civil War he also stopped the Union from falling apart. In all Abraham Lincoln was a great man and his knowledge let him to power and sucess.

6 Forms of the Subjunctive Mood

6 Forms of the Subjunctive Mood 6 Forms of the Subjunctive Mood 6 Forms of the Subjunctive Mood By Mark Nichol Are you in a subjunctive mood? Then you should frame sentences in one of the six following forms. The subjunctive mood is used in cases in which what is expressed is not necessarily real, as opposed to the indicative case, which is applied to factual statements. The key difference is a change in the form of a given verb: Am or was is supplanted by were, be takes the place of are, or singular active verbs lose their -s or -es endings. In conversation, it is common for speakers to fail to distinguish between the moods, but in careful writing, the distinction must be made. 1. Counterfactual In this subjunctive construction, the writer expresses a notion contrary to fact, such as â€Å"If I were you, I’d return it to the store.† 2. Imperative In this class of the subjunctive mood, commands and demands are expressed: â€Å"I demanded that she walk away.† 3. Necessity This subjunctive form refers to requirement: â€Å"It is necessary that she fill out the form first.† 4. Proposition This category applies to proposals and suggestions: â€Å"We proposed that they reconsider the offer.† 5. Supposition In this form, the writer expresses a possibility: â€Å"If I were to accept the position, I’d have to relocate.† 6. Wish This type of subjunctive form deals with expressions of desire: â€Å"I wish that I were able to go back and do it over again.† The subjunctive case also survives in such idiomatic phrases as â€Å"as it were,† â€Å"be that as it may,† â€Å"be they [one thing or another],† and â€Å"would that it were.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a UK Business LetterCapitalization Rules for the Names of GamesThe "Pied" in The Pied Piper

Lesson learned Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lesson learned - Essay Example This in fact is the manifestation of being a good leader. A good business plan is to lower the costs. Many organizations have to face domestic rivalry forces all the players to develop new products, improve existing ones, lower costs and prices, develop new technologies, and continually improve quality and services to keep customers happy; on the other hand, foreign firms lack this intensity. clarity of goals and mission; creating sense of challenge for volunteers; ensuring commitment; ensuring good feedback mechanisms and ensuring task is designed and communicated in such a way that it is not daunting to volunteers. Building on this model, I have reasoned on importance of ensuring that volunteers are informed clearly on goals of the Revive and all expectations levelled so that new volunteers are not expecting too much ‘returns’ from Revive as the organization is a charity. However, in doing the aforementioned of keeping expectations low, I have considered a keep learning to be providing exciting and challenging opportunities and task which will push the workers to happily engage with assigned task. The business plan to capture this is to utilize The Gordon Model that has been pinnacle of success for many organizations. The Gordon Model will not be used be it values stocks that pay dividends however, Fusion LLC will not be based on stockholders investments. The rule of NPV states that all projects that have a positive net value should be accepted. It is also estimated 50 years of future cash flows assuming a 2% annual growth. The discounted rate of 25% (weighted average cost of capital) and in this case where the discounted value is higher the capital budgeting will increase the value of the company. Most organization are success in an element is because they have a powerful understanding of motivating their employees. Motivating employees is truly essential for an

Violations of Human Rights and Slavery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Violations of Human Rights and Slavery - Essay Example Upon arrival into America, slaves had to deal with dehumanizing effects that destroyed their African culture. Although slave trade is no longer practiced in America today, Friglich, Kent, Hess, Mclyntyre, & Allen, (1-6)Â   confirm that there still are 10 states in America that deemed to be the worse for African American to live in. The index used to determine the ten states included household income, rates of home ownership, educational attainment costs, educational attainments, and poverty rates. These states are Connecticut, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Arkansas, New Jersey, Kansas, Rhode island, Illinos, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. In these states, the disparity between the White and Black Americans is very pronounced resulting to uneven accessibility of job opportunities, payment, and better housing. In addition to discrimination, African americans have been stereotyped as lazy and are left to deal with their problems.

Strategic Relations Between China and Pakistan

Strategic Relations Between China and Pakistan STRATEGIC RELATIONS BETWEEN CHINA AND PAKISTAN AND ITS IMPACT ON INDO PAK RELATIONS If your environment is changing, you must change with it. If you dont, you perish. Curtis E. Sahakian CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. China is a modern developing country with good economic and political condition. It is the biggest ancient society with flair towards modern culture and values. China has very good relations with its neighbours like Pakistan. Pakistan was one of the first countries of the world to recognise China, and since then they have very good relations with each other. 2. Pakistan and China entered into a trade agreement in January 1963 which granted reciprocal Most Favoured Nation status in matters of commerce, trade and shipping. Trade between the border regions of China and Pakistan started in 1969 after the first protocol of trade was signed. This border trade has continued to grow with the patronage of both the countries. Further trade protocols have been signed over the years. The construction of the Karakoram Highway has helped to further trade and communication. Pakistan is an important country for China in trade. A lot of projects of economic development in Pakistan are in process with the co-operation of China which are creating lot ofjobs opportunityfor both Pakistan and China. METHODOLOGY STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 4. This dissertation proposes to study and analyse the growing economic relations between Pakistan China, its impact on the security of India and to recommend measures to negate the same by India. HYPOTHESIS 5. Is the growing economic relations between Pakistan China having an adverse impact on the security of India? If yes, what actions should India take to negate them? JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY SCOPE 7. This study concentrates on analysing only the Economic relationship between Pakistan and China and the impact of the same on Indo Pak relations with special emphasis on Indias security. 8. The study is not looking into the military, diplomatic and nuclear relationship between the two countries and the impact these relations are having on Indias security and Indo Pak relations. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS ORGANISATION OF THE DISSERTATION 11. It is proposed to study the subject in the following manner:- (a) Chapter II. Strategic Relationship and it scope. (b) Chapter III. Historical Perspective of strategic relations between Pakistan and China. (c) Chapter IV. Chinas â€Å"String of Pearls Policy† Pakistans place in it. (d) Chapter V. Growing economic ties between Pakistan and China. (e) Chapter VI. Security Issues for India. (f) Chapter VII. Recommendations to negate this strategic relationship by India. CHAPTER II STRATEGIC RELATIONSHIP AND ITS SCOPE Interest does not tie nations together; it sometimes separates them. But sympathy and understanding does unite them. -Woodrow T. Wilson No nation is an island. Because domestic policies are constantly affected by developments outside, nations are compelled to enter into dialogue with other nations or initiating entities or form alliance(s) for the purpose of enhancing their status internationally, or increasing their power or prestige and survival in the international system[1]. History The concept of strategic relations is quite old. Humans have been establishing governments and communicating with each other for thousands of years. However, it is generally agreed to that international relations truly began to emerge around the 15th century, when people started exploring the world and interacting with other governments and cultures. Organisations like the Dutch East India Company were among the first multinational corporations[2], while representatives of various European governments met with foreign governments to establish trade agreements and to discuss issues of mutual concern. The formal history of strategic relations is often traced back to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, where the modern state system was developed. Westphalia instituted the legal concept of sovereignty. Westphalia encouraged the rise of the independent nation-state(s), the institutionalisation of diplomacy and armies[3]. This European system was then exported to the Americas, Africa, and Asia via colonisation and the standards of civilisation. The contemporary international system was eventually established through decolonisation after the Cold War. Definition There are many definitions of Strategic Relations written by numerous authors on the web world. Some relevant ones are as given below. Agreement between two or more entities to conduct specified activities or processes, to achieve specified objectives such as product development or distribution[4]. Strategic Relations refers to the collective interactions of the international community, which includes individual nations and states, inter-governmental organisations such as the United Nations, non-governmental organisations, multinational corporations, and so forth. The term is also used to refer to a branch of political science which focuses on the study of these interactions[5]. Strategic Relations is the study of the relations of states with each other and with international organisations and certain sub-national entities (e.g., bureaucracies and political parties). It is related to a number of other academic disciplines, including political science, geography, history, economics, law, sociology, psychology, and philosophy[6]. Strategic Relations is the study of the relations among states and other political and economic units in the international system. Particular areas of study within the field of international relations include diplomacy and diplomatic history, international law, body of rules considered legally binding in the relations between national states, also known as the law of nations[7]. Strategic Relations is the interaction between and among states, and more broadly, the workings of the international system as a whole. It can be conceived of either as a multidisciplinary field, gathering together the international aspects of politics, economics, history, law, and sociology, or as a meta-discipline, focusing on the systemic structures and patterns of interaction of the human species taken as a whole. Barry Buzan Strategic Relations is an area of knowledge based on political science, law, economy, sociology, philosophy, and other social sciences. Traditionally, it not only treats the relations between nation states, but also, International Organisations and non-state actors in the international arena, like non-governmental organisations, and multinational corporations[8]. What do Strategic Relations Mean Strategic Relationship represents the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states within the international system, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organisations (IGOs), non-governmental organisations (NGOs), international non-governmental organisations (INGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs). It is both an academic and public policy field, and seeks to analyse as well as formulate the foreign policy of a particular state[9]. Apart from political science, Strategic Relations draws upon such diverse fields as economics, history, international law, philosophy, geography, sociology, anthropology, psychology, and cultural studies. It involves a diverse range of issues including globalisation, state sovereignty, ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, global finance, terrorism, organised crime, human security, foreign interventionism and human rights. There are two main approaches to the field of International Relations. The first is the Realist or Pragmatist approach. This claims that conflict is inevitable and the best way to approach international relations is to be prepared to engage in conflicts and win. The second approach is the Structuralist approach and is symbolised by diplomacy, according to which conflict is not inevitable, focusing on the causes of conflict, stressing on the costs of conflict vis a vis possible gains. This school of thought has been heavily influenced by Galtungs theory of structural violence[10]. Broadly speaking, the two approaches to International Relations can be attributed to either side of the Atlantic: Realism is seen as a primarily American worldview while Structuralism is seen as typically European. Conclusion Considering the vast spectrum of the subject, Strategic Relations can become incredibly complex. The subject is also sometimes known as â€Å"foreign relations†. Specialists in this field staff diplomatic agencies abroad, provide consultation to businesses which are considering to establish branches overseas, and assist charitable non-governmental organisations with their missions. CHAPTER III HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF STRATEGIC RELATIONS BETWEEN PAKISTAN AND CHINA The opinions we hold of one another, our relations with friends and kinfolk are in no sense permanent, save in appearance, but are as eternally fluid as the sea itself. Marcel Proust Why Pakistan Chose to Align with China Pakistans attitude towards China is determined by its geography, economic constraints, domestic compulsions and the regional and international situation. The erstwhile fragmented shape of Pakistan, i.e. East and West Pakistan, had greatly contributed to the establishment of Pakistans close relations with China. Geographic constraints on account of Pakistans location, topography and the nature of its frontiers, gave rise to security problems for Pakistan. With the construction of highways connecting China and Pakistan, through Pakistan Occupied Kashmir, China acquired an easy approach to Pakistan. This turned out as a mixed blessing for Pakistan. So long as relations with China are friendly, there is no threat from the North. But in case of strained Sino Pak relations, there would be a grave threat from China[11]. Pakistani policy makers were conscious of this constraint and did express their fears in an unambiguous manner. President Ayub Khan wrote in his political autobiography:- West Pakistan is wedged in between three enormous powers with the Soviet Union at the top, the Peoples Republic of China in the North East, and India in the South and East. I know of no other small country which has the somewhat dubious distinction of having three such mighty neighbours[12]. A number of considerations prompted Pakistan to strengthen its economic and trade ties with China. Firstly, like China, Pakistan was a developing country and the two countries faced common problems in the field of agriculture and industrialisation. China had successfully solved the problem of water logging, salinity and floods, which Pakistan could benefit from. Secondly, the aid offered by China was very attractive as it carried rock-bottom low rate of interest or no interest at all. Thirdly, China showed interest in setting up heavy industries in Pakistan Taxila Industrial Complex, assisted by China is an example. Fourthly, trade with China was beneficial to Pakistan as the balance of the trade generally went in favour of Pakistan and rarely in favour of China[13]. Fifthly, 1962 Sino India war turned Pakistan towards China to counter India. Sixthly, US support to India increased after the Sino India war to counter China, this was resented by Pakistan, which China exploited to w ean the influence of US from Pakistan and get a foothold in the Indian subcontinent. And finally, the Kashmir issue. Pakistan adjudged its relations with other countries in terms of their attitude towards the Kashmir issue. Pakistan regarded China as a friend since its hostility towards India in 1962 and its involvement in the Kashmir issue thereafter[14]. The location of Tibet and Xinjiang on the north of the Indian subcontinent places China in a position to intervene militarily in a confrontation between India and Pakistan. The Karakoram Highway can be used by China for sending arms and ammunition and even the forces. In 1971, Indo Pakistan war, it was used for this purpose[15]. With a view to combating India, Pakistan has been seeking a political counterweight against it. Finding that China was interested in undermining Indias political influence in the Afro Asian world, Pakistani leaders thought that China could serve as a counterweight against India. It was, therefore, a Pakistani objective to seek Chinas political support against India[16]. Karakoram Highway[17] History of Sino Pak Relations After Pakistans creation in 1947, Pakistans relations with China were in a dormant state. In 1950, Pakistan officially recognised the Peoples Republic of China, and broke off ties with Taiwan. Bilateral relations were further strengthened at the Bandung Conference in 1955[18], when talks between the two heads of state played an important role in promoting, understanding and paving way for friendly relations and mutual assistance between the two countries. In 1961, Pakistan furthered its relations with China when it voted in favour of Chinas restoration rights in the UN. Sino-Pak relations got a shot in the arm, with deteriorating Sino-Indian relations which resulted in a war in 1962. China and Pakistan consequently met and agreed on the border between them, in 1963[19], and the Karakoram Highway was consequently built, connecting Chinas Sinkiang (Xinjiang-Uygur) Autonomous Region with the Northern Areas of Pakistan. In 1963 itself, a historic trade agreement between China and Pakistan was signed. Following this, diplomatic meetings were fairly frequent. Their strategic cooperation started out due to a mutual need to counter the Soviet Union and India, but later gave birth to Economic cooperation as well. China supported Pakistan in the two wars against India, in 1965 and 1971, with military as well as economic help. These foundations further led to the creation of a Joint Committee for Economy, Trade and Technology in 1982. By the late 1980s, China started discussing possible sales of military equipment and related technology to Pakistan. In the year 1996, Jiang Zemin, the then Chinese President, made a state visit to Pakistan. During the visit, the decision to establish comprehensive friendship and cooperation between the two nations was taken. Relations, since then have continued to move smoothly along the same path. In 2005, China and Pakistan signed a landmark ‘Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation, whereby they committed that â€Å"Neither party will join any alliance or bloc which infringes upon the sovereignty, security and territorial integrity† of either nation. Also reiterated was the agreement that both parties â€Å"would not conclude treaties of this nature with any third party†[20]. Conclusion Hence, during the post Cold War era, China turned out to be Pakistans most significant strategic guarantor as far as India was concerned. It was also the source of initial design information for Pakistans nuclear arsenal and also assisted with building of the nuclear technology complex[21]. Since the late 1990s, economic concerns have gained prominence alongside the military-strategic aspect of the relationship; specifically, trade and energy have taken precedence. Over the years, frequent exchanges of high-level visits and contacts between the two countries have resulted in a number of bilateral trade agreements and investment commitments. A comprehensive free trade agreement was signed in 2008, giving each country unprecedented market access to the other. Trade between Islamabad and Beijing now hovers around $7 billion a year and both sides are set on raising the to $15 billion by 2010[22]. CHAPTER IV CHINAS â€Å"STRING OF PEARLS STRATEGY† PAKISTANS PLACE IN IT. Apart from their other characteristics, the outstanding thing about Chinas 600 million people is that they are â€Å"poor and blank.† This may seem a bad thing, but in reality it is a good thing. Poverty gives rise to the desire for change, the desire for action and the desire for revolution. On a blank sheet of paper free from any mark, the freshest and most beautiful pictures can be painted. Zedong Mao What is String of Pearls Strategy A string of pearls strategy is a strategic move which involves establishing a series of nodes of military and economic power throughout a region. Each node is a â€Å"pearl† in the string, enhancing the overall power of the parent nation S.E. Smith The â€Å"String of Pearls Strategy† is an excellent way to enfold a greater area of territory, thereby gaining more influence on the global stage, but it often evokes comment from other nations, who may be concerned that the string of pearls strategy is the first step in a serious takeover or military threat. Several things are included in a ‘String of Pearls Strategy. The first is increased access to airfields and ports. This may be accomplished by building new facilities or through establishing cordial relations with other nations to ensure access to their ports. In some cases, the strategy involves heavily subsidising construction of new ports and airfield facilities in other countries, with the understanding that these facilities will be made readily available as needed. Developing better diplomatic relations is also a crucial step in a ‘String of Pearls Strategy. Partly, this is undertaken to ensure that shipping lanes and airspace remain free and clear for that particular nation. It may also be used to soothe concerns about a rapidly expanding string of pearls, and to establish solid trade and export agreements which may ultimately benefit both nations. Since a string of pearls strategy may rely on linking a series of pearls, it is important to ensure that each pearl is also safe, and that it will not be threatened by neighbouring nations. Modernising military forces is the third component. A modern military can more effectively maintain and hold individual pearls, and it will also be prepared for various actions and exercises on the part of the parent nation. The modernised military also supports a countrys rise as a global power, and as a nation which commands respect. For nations which are slowly encircled in a string of said pearls, a string of pearls strategy can be upsetting. A country may also slowly take over shipping lanes, which is an issue of concern to nations which are not closely allied with it.[23] Chinas String of Pearl Strategy Chinas String of Pearl Strategy is driven by Chinas need to secure foreign oil and trade routes critical to its development. This has meant establishing an increased level of influence along sea routes through investment, port development and diplomacy. Chinas investments presently extend from Hainan Island in the South China Sea, through the littorals of the Straits of Malacca, including port developments in Chittagong in Bangladesh, Sittwe, Coco, Hianggyi, Khaukphyu, Mergui and Zadetkyi Kyun in Myanmar; Laem Chabang in Thailand; and Sihanoukville in Cambodia. They extend across the Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Pakistans Gwadar Port, and in islands within the Arabian Sea and into the Persian Gulf. Chinas Interests in the Indian Ocean Region Its String of Pearls[24] Thus, part of these developments includes the upgrading of airstrips, many supported with military facilities, such as the facility on Woody Island, close to Vietnam. These developments may be directed at shifting the balance of power within the Indian and Arabian Gulf, away from the traditional Indian government management to China. However, it needs to be backed up with regional diplomatic ties, which China must look at to dispense with the need to engage with India. The strategy has been developed partially in response to a lack of progress on the Kra Canal project in Thailand, which would directly link the Indian Ocean with the South China Sea. Isthumus of Kra Its Strategic Location for Chinas Shipping Lanes[25] The â€Å"string of pearls† strategy however provides a forward presence for China along the sea lines of communication that now anchor China directly to the Middle East. The question is, whether this strategy is intended purely to ensure secure supply lines and trade routes, or whether China will later use these in a bid to enforce regional supremacy. As long as Chinese interests remain benign, the â€Å"string of pearls† strategy remains the strongest pointer that China is strengthening its energy supply lines with the Middle East and embarking on a level of Southeast Asian trade. This would definitely result in the development of regional prosperity, that will come with Chinas these actions. If the strategy continues without the development of regional conflicts, the ASEAN trading bloc, with China at its heart, and the massive emerging markets of India and the other Southeast Asian nations close by, will develop and begin to rival that of the EU and the United States, and lessen Chinas dependence on these traditional export markets[26]. Why China Chose Pakistan as a Pearl The Peoples Republic of China is believed to be an ideological state wedded to the Communist ideology based on Marxism Leninism[27]. Chinas relations with other countries can be explained on the basis of two conceptual frameworks based on â€Å"Alliance Model† and on â€Å"United Front Model†[28]. However, with Pakistan, Chinas relations appear to be on the â€Å"Alliance Model†. This model sees Chinas foreign policy as â€Å"concerned with short problems, externally determined and reactive. It sees Chinas concern for security as the dominant theme of Chinas foreign policy†[29]. There is an immense desire in China to achieve the status of a Super Power. The first step towards that direction is to achieve a dominant position in Asia. The Indian sub-continent is one of the important areas in this region. In order to be a dominant power, China needs to have an effective dominance in the sub-continent. To this effect, India poses a challenge to China in the region. China is therefore keen to weaken India and who better than Pakistan can be utilised for this purpose by China[30]. USSR, which used to be a friend, guide and protector for China during the initial years of their formation in 1950, began to be considered as a rival and an unreliable ally by the end of the 1950s. Subsequent closeness of USSR with India and her attempts to befriend Pakistan in the 1960s, especially after the 1965 Indo Pak war, led to increased differences between the two countries. China was interested in preventing the Soviet Union from spreading its influence in Pakistan. Knowing that USSR could not befriend Pakistan at the cost of India, China decided to make friends with Pakistan with the aim of preventing the USSR from spreading its influence in South Asia using a powerful India[31]. Chinas strategic objectives in Pakistan stem from the fact that Xinjiang and Tibet are contiguous to the Indian sub-continent and China is still consolidating itself in these regions. Pakistan occupies certain areas of Kashmir which have immense strategic value in view of this. Pakistan occupied Kashmir (POK) is located in a region where China, India and Afghanistan meet together. The religious affinity between the people of Xinjiang and Pakistan along with the history of repeated revolts by the Xinjiang people against the Chinese government forced China to sign a boundary agreement with Pakistan in 1963 to acquire strategically important areas to keep the influence of the Pakistani fundamentalism away from the people of Xinjiang[32]. Proximity of Chinas Xinjiang Province Tibet Autonomous Region to POK[33] Pakistans geography was helpful in supporting Chinese positions in the North-East in the Chumby Valley (prior to formation of Bangladesh) and in the Ladakh region in the rear of Indian positions. Thus Pakistan d and still s decisively in the defence of Chinas southern flank resulting in close ties between the two countries. The proximity of the Indian sub-continent to Xinjiang and Tibet, Pakistans location in the sub continent and the affinity existing between the Muslims of Xinjiang and Pakistan are matters of great importance for China in its geo political calculations[34]. It could also be Chinas objective to keep things simmering in South Asia by exploiting the Indo Pakistan disputes so that they may weaken each other by confrontation, leaving adequate space for China to be effective in the region. All the above reasons have led to an increased proximity of the Chinese policies towards Pakistan. Conclusion Chinas bond with Pakistan allowed the former a greater sphere of influence in to South Asia, as well provided a bridge between the Muslim world and Beijing. Though, traditionally, the driving factor for China was a hedge against India and getting strategic leverage against India, relations with China gave Pakistan access to civilian and military resources also. To this day, the relationship between the two countries is of high strategic importance, the military relationship with China being the corner stone of Pakistans foreign policy. And in return, Pakistan is helpful in realising Chinas dream of establishing her influence over the globe. CHAPTER V GROWING ECONOMIC TIES BETWEEN PAKISTAN AND CHINA. To attract good fortune, spend a new penny on an old friend. an old Chinese proverb Though political relations hold the maximum importance between countries, the economic relations are also noteworthy and infact, in recent times, have become one of the most significant factors in determining a nations foreign relations policy. Broadly, the economic relations can be divided into two forms trade and aid. Historical Perspective of Economic Ties During the Han Dynasty, trade existed between Ancient China and Ancient India on camels and yaks along the silk route for almost 3,000 years[35]. Infact, the silk route connecting China and Pakistan was closed down in 1949 and was re-opened in 1967 between the two countries. After partition, trade with India came to a standstill for Pakistan. Hence, Pakistans search for a trading partner to sell jute and cotton in return of coal, iron, cement etc prompted Pakistan to establish economic relations with China[36]. Silk Route[37] Economic and cultural interaction between Pakistan and China began in the 1950s. In April 1955, the late Premier Zhou Enlai held talks with the then Pakistan Prime Minister, M. Ali, during the Bandung Conference, and both sides agreed to strengthen bilateral ties. In January 1963, China and Pakistan signed their fist trade agreement[38]. This was followed up with the â€Å"Cultural Agreement† between the two countries in 1965[39]. The bonding established between the two states has continued ever since, with both countries looking at closer ties with each other for respective benefits. The relations between Pakistan and China were restricted to trade relations till 1964, however, it was in 1965, for the first time, that Pakistan started receiving Chinese aid[40]. In 1978, the Karakoram Highway was officially opened to trade between both countries. In 1986, China and Pakistan reached a comprehensive nuclear cooperation agreement which resulted in a 300-megawatt nuclear power pla nt built with Chinese help in Punjab province, which was completed in 1999[41]. Chinas Recent Economic Involvement in Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf took over power of Pakistan in October 1999 and since then the economic aspect became a major factor in Pakistan-China relations. During his visit to China in January 2000, he laid a great deal of emphasis on economic cooperation and hence the economic relations between the two countries slowly began to improve, both in trade and investments. The Chinese side too reciprocated positively by enhancing economic activity between the two countries[42]. The Chinese Premier at that time, Zhu Rongji, while visiting Pakistan in May 2001, urged the two sides to â€Å"boost cooperation in agriculture, infrastructure, information technology and other fields under the principle of reciprocity and mutual benefit for achieving common prosperity†[43].During this visit, Pakistan and China signed six Agreements and one MoU (Memorandum of Understanding). The Chinese financial assistance to Pakistan at that time was roughly over one billion dollars. The six agreements included Economic and Technical Cooperation, Tourism Cooperation, Lease Agreement on Saindak Copper-Gold Project, Supply of Locomotives to Pakistan Railways, Supply of Passenger Coaches to Pakistan Railways, White Oil Pipeline and MoU between Chinas ZTE and Pakistan Telecommunications Co. Ltd. Besides, the most important aspect of increasing economic cooperation was that the Chinese Premier reiterated his support for the Gwadar deep sea port and the Mekran coastal highway pro jects[44]. Mekran Coastal Highway[45] During his visit to China in November 2003, President Musharrafs signed a â€Å"Joint Declaration on Direction of Bilateral Relations.† It was a road-map to determine the direction and scope of overall Pakistan-China bilateral relations in the future. It laid additional emphasis on increasing the economic cooperation between the two countries and institutionalising mechanisms for consolidating an all-round relationship[46]. In December 2004, the two countries signed seven agreements in the sectors of trade, communication and energy. They also formulated a framework for enhanced cooperation between them. These agreements revolved around enhancing the bilateral trade, further progress on preferential trade agreement, setting up of joint agro-based industries and increasing of Chinese investments in Pakistan[47]. In April 2005, as many as 21 agreements and MoUs were signed between the two countries. These included cooperation in economy, defence, energy, infrastructure, social sector, health, education, higher education, housing and various other areas. The two countries also signed a â€Å"Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Good Neighbourly Relations†[48]. In January 2006, the Early Harvest Programme was launched to encourage bilateral trade, under which China extended zero-rated tariffs on 767 items while Pakistan reciprocated by extending the facility on 464 items[49]. In November 2006, China and Pakistan signed a FTA (free trade agreement). As per the agreement, China and Pakistan would reduce the tariffs on all goods in two phases. The aim of the agreement is to eliminate tariffs on no less than 90 percent of products, both in terms of tariff lines and trade volume, within a reasonably short period of time and on the basis of taking care of the concerns of both sides[50]. The Early Harvest Programme, which had commenced in January 2006, was merged into the FTA[51]. Also, China vowed to help Pakistan in civil nuclear technology by building and helping in the Khusab Nuclear Programme providing technology to Pakistan for better maintenance of civil nuclear plants[52]. In 2009, Pakistan and China signed a number of agreements and MoUs. These included construction of Bunji Dam in the Northern Areas with a capacity of 7,000 Megawatts[53], provision of soft loans for space, space technology and alternate energy including an amount of U.S. $ 190 million to supply Pakistani satellite PAKSAT-1R, which will replace the present satellite PAKSAT-1 that has a useful life until 2011. This loan will cover 85 percent of project Strategic Relations Between China and Pakistan Strategic Relations Between China and Pakistan STRATEGIC RELATIONS BETWEEN CHINA AND PAKISTAN AND ITS IMPACT ON INDO PAK RELATIONS If your environment is changing, you must change with it. If you dont, you perish. Curtis E. Sahakian CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. China is a modern developing country with good economic and political condition. It is the biggest ancient society with flair towards modern culture and values. China has very good relations with its neighbours like Pakistan. Pakistan was one of the first countries of the world to recognise China, and since then they have very good relations with each other. 2. Pakistan and China entered into a trade agreement in January 1963 which granted reciprocal Most Favoured Nation status in matters of commerce, trade and shipping. Trade between the border regions of China and Pakistan started in 1969 after the first protocol of trade was signed. This border trade has continued to grow with the patronage of both the countries. Further trade protocols have been signed over the years. The construction of the Karakoram Highway has helped to further trade and communication. Pakistan is an important country for China in trade. A lot of projects of economic development in Pakistan are in process with the co-operation of China which are creating lot ofjobs opportunityfor both Pakistan and China. METHODOLOGY STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 4. This dissertation proposes to study and analyse the growing economic relations between Pakistan China, its impact on the security of India and to recommend measures to negate the same by India. HYPOTHESIS 5. Is the growing economic relations between Pakistan China having an adverse impact on the security of India? If yes, what actions should India take to negate them? JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY SCOPE 7. This study concentrates on analysing only the Economic relationship between Pakistan and China and the impact of the same on Indo Pak relations with special emphasis on Indias security. 8. The study is not looking into the military, diplomatic and nuclear relationship between the two countries and the impact these relations are having on Indias security and Indo Pak relations. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS ORGANISATION OF THE DISSERTATION 11. It is proposed to study the subject in the following manner:- (a) Chapter II. Strategic Relationship and it scope. (b) Chapter III. Historical Perspective of strategic relations between Pakistan and China. (c) Chapter IV. Chinas â€Å"String of Pearls Policy† Pakistans place in it. (d) Chapter V. Growing economic ties between Pakistan and China. (e) Chapter VI. Security Issues for India. (f) Chapter VII. Recommendations to negate this strategic relationship by India. CHAPTER II STRATEGIC RELATIONSHIP AND ITS SCOPE Interest does not tie nations together; it sometimes separates them. But sympathy and understanding does unite them. -Woodrow T. Wilson No nation is an island. Because domestic policies are constantly affected by developments outside, nations are compelled to enter into dialogue with other nations or initiating entities or form alliance(s) for the purpose of enhancing their status internationally, or increasing their power or prestige and survival in the international system[1]. History The concept of strategic relations is quite old. Humans have been establishing governments and communicating with each other for thousands of years. However, it is generally agreed to that international relations truly began to emerge around the 15th century, when people started exploring the world and interacting with other governments and cultures. Organisations like the Dutch East India Company were among the first multinational corporations[2], while representatives of various European governments met with foreign governments to establish trade agreements and to discuss issues of mutual concern. The formal history of strategic relations is often traced back to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, where the modern state system was developed. Westphalia instituted the legal concept of sovereignty. Westphalia encouraged the rise of the independent nation-state(s), the institutionalisation of diplomacy and armies[3]. This European system was then exported to the Americas, Africa, and Asia via colonisation and the standards of civilisation. The contemporary international system was eventually established through decolonisation after the Cold War. Definition There are many definitions of Strategic Relations written by numerous authors on the web world. Some relevant ones are as given below. Agreement between two or more entities to conduct specified activities or processes, to achieve specified objectives such as product development or distribution[4]. Strategic Relations refers to the collective interactions of the international community, which includes individual nations and states, inter-governmental organisations such as the United Nations, non-governmental organisations, multinational corporations, and so forth. The term is also used to refer to a branch of political science which focuses on the study of these interactions[5]. Strategic Relations is the study of the relations of states with each other and with international organisations and certain sub-national entities (e.g., bureaucracies and political parties). It is related to a number of other academic disciplines, including political science, geography, history, economics, law, sociology, psychology, and philosophy[6]. Strategic Relations is the study of the relations among states and other political and economic units in the international system. Particular areas of study within the field of international relations include diplomacy and diplomatic history, international law, body of rules considered legally binding in the relations between national states, also known as the law of nations[7]. Strategic Relations is the interaction between and among states, and more broadly, the workings of the international system as a whole. It can be conceived of either as a multidisciplinary field, gathering together the international aspects of politics, economics, history, law, and sociology, or as a meta-discipline, focusing on the systemic structures and patterns of interaction of the human species taken as a whole. Barry Buzan Strategic Relations is an area of knowledge based on political science, law, economy, sociology, philosophy, and other social sciences. Traditionally, it not only treats the relations between nation states, but also, International Organisations and non-state actors in the international arena, like non-governmental organisations, and multinational corporations[8]. What do Strategic Relations Mean Strategic Relationship represents the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states within the international system, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organisations (IGOs), non-governmental organisations (NGOs), international non-governmental organisations (INGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs). It is both an academic and public policy field, and seeks to analyse as well as formulate the foreign policy of a particular state[9]. Apart from political science, Strategic Relations draws upon such diverse fields as economics, history, international law, philosophy, geography, sociology, anthropology, psychology, and cultural studies. It involves a diverse range of issues including globalisation, state sovereignty, ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, global finance, terrorism, organised crime, human security, foreign interventionism and human rights. There are two main approaches to the field of International Relations. The first is the Realist or Pragmatist approach. This claims that conflict is inevitable and the best way to approach international relations is to be prepared to engage in conflicts and win. The second approach is the Structuralist approach and is symbolised by diplomacy, according to which conflict is not inevitable, focusing on the causes of conflict, stressing on the costs of conflict vis a vis possible gains. This school of thought has been heavily influenced by Galtungs theory of structural violence[10]. Broadly speaking, the two approaches to International Relations can be attributed to either side of the Atlantic: Realism is seen as a primarily American worldview while Structuralism is seen as typically European. Conclusion Considering the vast spectrum of the subject, Strategic Relations can become incredibly complex. The subject is also sometimes known as â€Å"foreign relations†. Specialists in this field staff diplomatic agencies abroad, provide consultation to businesses which are considering to establish branches overseas, and assist charitable non-governmental organisations with their missions. CHAPTER III HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF STRATEGIC RELATIONS BETWEEN PAKISTAN AND CHINA The opinions we hold of one another, our relations with friends and kinfolk are in no sense permanent, save in appearance, but are as eternally fluid as the sea itself. Marcel Proust Why Pakistan Chose to Align with China Pakistans attitude towards China is determined by its geography, economic constraints, domestic compulsions and the regional and international situation. The erstwhile fragmented shape of Pakistan, i.e. East and West Pakistan, had greatly contributed to the establishment of Pakistans close relations with China. Geographic constraints on account of Pakistans location, topography and the nature of its frontiers, gave rise to security problems for Pakistan. With the construction of highways connecting China and Pakistan, through Pakistan Occupied Kashmir, China acquired an easy approach to Pakistan. This turned out as a mixed blessing for Pakistan. So long as relations with China are friendly, there is no threat from the North. But in case of strained Sino Pak relations, there would be a grave threat from China[11]. Pakistani policy makers were conscious of this constraint and did express their fears in an unambiguous manner. President Ayub Khan wrote in his political autobiography:- West Pakistan is wedged in between three enormous powers with the Soviet Union at the top, the Peoples Republic of China in the North East, and India in the South and East. I know of no other small country which has the somewhat dubious distinction of having three such mighty neighbours[12]. A number of considerations prompted Pakistan to strengthen its economic and trade ties with China. Firstly, like China, Pakistan was a developing country and the two countries faced common problems in the field of agriculture and industrialisation. China had successfully solved the problem of water logging, salinity and floods, which Pakistan could benefit from. Secondly, the aid offered by China was very attractive as it carried rock-bottom low rate of interest or no interest at all. Thirdly, China showed interest in setting up heavy industries in Pakistan Taxila Industrial Complex, assisted by China is an example. Fourthly, trade with China was beneficial to Pakistan as the balance of the trade generally went in favour of Pakistan and rarely in favour of China[13]. Fifthly, 1962 Sino India war turned Pakistan towards China to counter India. Sixthly, US support to India increased after the Sino India war to counter China, this was resented by Pakistan, which China exploited to w ean the influence of US from Pakistan and get a foothold in the Indian subcontinent. And finally, the Kashmir issue. Pakistan adjudged its relations with other countries in terms of their attitude towards the Kashmir issue. Pakistan regarded China as a friend since its hostility towards India in 1962 and its involvement in the Kashmir issue thereafter[14]. The location of Tibet and Xinjiang on the north of the Indian subcontinent places China in a position to intervene militarily in a confrontation between India and Pakistan. The Karakoram Highway can be used by China for sending arms and ammunition and even the forces. In 1971, Indo Pakistan war, it was used for this purpose[15]. With a view to combating India, Pakistan has been seeking a political counterweight against it. Finding that China was interested in undermining Indias political influence in the Afro Asian world, Pakistani leaders thought that China could serve as a counterweight against India. It was, therefore, a Pakistani objective to seek Chinas political support against India[16]. Karakoram Highway[17] History of Sino Pak Relations After Pakistans creation in 1947, Pakistans relations with China were in a dormant state. In 1950, Pakistan officially recognised the Peoples Republic of China, and broke off ties with Taiwan. Bilateral relations were further strengthened at the Bandung Conference in 1955[18], when talks between the two heads of state played an important role in promoting, understanding and paving way for friendly relations and mutual assistance between the two countries. In 1961, Pakistan furthered its relations with China when it voted in favour of Chinas restoration rights in the UN. Sino-Pak relations got a shot in the arm, with deteriorating Sino-Indian relations which resulted in a war in 1962. China and Pakistan consequently met and agreed on the border between them, in 1963[19], and the Karakoram Highway was consequently built, connecting Chinas Sinkiang (Xinjiang-Uygur) Autonomous Region with the Northern Areas of Pakistan. In 1963 itself, a historic trade agreement between China and Pakistan was signed. Following this, diplomatic meetings were fairly frequent. Their strategic cooperation started out due to a mutual need to counter the Soviet Union and India, but later gave birth to Economic cooperation as well. China supported Pakistan in the two wars against India, in 1965 and 1971, with military as well as economic help. These foundations further led to the creation of a Joint Committee for Economy, Trade and Technology in 1982. By the late 1980s, China started discussing possible sales of military equipment and related technology to Pakistan. In the year 1996, Jiang Zemin, the then Chinese President, made a state visit to Pakistan. During the visit, the decision to establish comprehensive friendship and cooperation between the two nations was taken. Relations, since then have continued to move smoothly along the same path. In 2005, China and Pakistan signed a landmark ‘Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation, whereby they committed that â€Å"Neither party will join any alliance or bloc which infringes upon the sovereignty, security and territorial integrity† of either nation. Also reiterated was the agreement that both parties â€Å"would not conclude treaties of this nature with any third party†[20]. Conclusion Hence, during the post Cold War era, China turned out to be Pakistans most significant strategic guarantor as far as India was concerned. It was also the source of initial design information for Pakistans nuclear arsenal and also assisted with building of the nuclear technology complex[21]. Since the late 1990s, economic concerns have gained prominence alongside the military-strategic aspect of the relationship; specifically, trade and energy have taken precedence. Over the years, frequent exchanges of high-level visits and contacts between the two countries have resulted in a number of bilateral trade agreements and investment commitments. A comprehensive free trade agreement was signed in 2008, giving each country unprecedented market access to the other. Trade between Islamabad and Beijing now hovers around $7 billion a year and both sides are set on raising the to $15 billion by 2010[22]. CHAPTER IV CHINAS â€Å"STRING OF PEARLS STRATEGY† PAKISTANS PLACE IN IT. Apart from their other characteristics, the outstanding thing about Chinas 600 million people is that they are â€Å"poor and blank.† This may seem a bad thing, but in reality it is a good thing. Poverty gives rise to the desire for change, the desire for action and the desire for revolution. On a blank sheet of paper free from any mark, the freshest and most beautiful pictures can be painted. Zedong Mao What is String of Pearls Strategy A string of pearls strategy is a strategic move which involves establishing a series of nodes of military and economic power throughout a region. Each node is a â€Å"pearl† in the string, enhancing the overall power of the parent nation S.E. Smith The â€Å"String of Pearls Strategy† is an excellent way to enfold a greater area of territory, thereby gaining more influence on the global stage, but it often evokes comment from other nations, who may be concerned that the string of pearls strategy is the first step in a serious takeover or military threat. Several things are included in a ‘String of Pearls Strategy. The first is increased access to airfields and ports. This may be accomplished by building new facilities or through establishing cordial relations with other nations to ensure access to their ports. In some cases, the strategy involves heavily subsidising construction of new ports and airfield facilities in other countries, with the understanding that these facilities will be made readily available as needed. Developing better diplomatic relations is also a crucial step in a ‘String of Pearls Strategy. Partly, this is undertaken to ensure that shipping lanes and airspace remain free and clear for that particular nation. It may also be used to soothe concerns about a rapidly expanding string of pearls, and to establish solid trade and export agreements which may ultimately benefit both nations. Since a string of pearls strategy may rely on linking a series of pearls, it is important to ensure that each pearl is also safe, and that it will not be threatened by neighbouring nations. Modernising military forces is the third component. A modern military can more effectively maintain and hold individual pearls, and it will also be prepared for various actions and exercises on the part of the parent nation. The modernised military also supports a countrys rise as a global power, and as a nation which commands respect. For nations which are slowly encircled in a string of said pearls, a string of pearls strategy can be upsetting. A country may also slowly take over shipping lanes, which is an issue of concern to nations which are not closely allied with it.[23] Chinas String of Pearl Strategy Chinas String of Pearl Strategy is driven by Chinas need to secure foreign oil and trade routes critical to its development. This has meant establishing an increased level of influence along sea routes through investment, port development and diplomacy. Chinas investments presently extend from Hainan Island in the South China Sea, through the littorals of the Straits of Malacca, including port developments in Chittagong in Bangladesh, Sittwe, Coco, Hianggyi, Khaukphyu, Mergui and Zadetkyi Kyun in Myanmar; Laem Chabang in Thailand; and Sihanoukville in Cambodia. They extend across the Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Pakistans Gwadar Port, and in islands within the Arabian Sea and into the Persian Gulf. Chinas Interests in the Indian Ocean Region Its String of Pearls[24] Thus, part of these developments includes the upgrading of airstrips, many supported with military facilities, such as the facility on Woody Island, close to Vietnam. These developments may be directed at shifting the balance of power within the Indian and Arabian Gulf, away from the traditional Indian government management to China. However, it needs to be backed up with regional diplomatic ties, which China must look at to dispense with the need to engage with India. The strategy has been developed partially in response to a lack of progress on the Kra Canal project in Thailand, which would directly link the Indian Ocean with the South China Sea. Isthumus of Kra Its Strategic Location for Chinas Shipping Lanes[25] The â€Å"string of pearls† strategy however provides a forward presence for China along the sea lines of communication that now anchor China directly to the Middle East. The question is, whether this strategy is intended purely to ensure secure supply lines and trade routes, or whether China will later use these in a bid to enforce regional supremacy. As long as Chinese interests remain benign, the â€Å"string of pearls† strategy remains the strongest pointer that China is strengthening its energy supply lines with the Middle East and embarking on a level of Southeast Asian trade. This would definitely result in the development of regional prosperity, that will come with Chinas these actions. If the strategy continues without the development of regional conflicts, the ASEAN trading bloc, with China at its heart, and the massive emerging markets of India and the other Southeast Asian nations close by, will develop and begin to rival that of the EU and the United States, and lessen Chinas dependence on these traditional export markets[26]. Why China Chose Pakistan as a Pearl The Peoples Republic of China is believed to be an ideological state wedded to the Communist ideology based on Marxism Leninism[27]. Chinas relations with other countries can be explained on the basis of two conceptual frameworks based on â€Å"Alliance Model† and on â€Å"United Front Model†[28]. However, with Pakistan, Chinas relations appear to be on the â€Å"Alliance Model†. This model sees Chinas foreign policy as â€Å"concerned with short problems, externally determined and reactive. It sees Chinas concern for security as the dominant theme of Chinas foreign policy†[29]. There is an immense desire in China to achieve the status of a Super Power. The first step towards that direction is to achieve a dominant position in Asia. The Indian sub-continent is one of the important areas in this region. In order to be a dominant power, China needs to have an effective dominance in the sub-continent. To this effect, India poses a challenge to China in the region. China is therefore keen to weaken India and who better than Pakistan can be utilised for this purpose by China[30]. USSR, which used to be a friend, guide and protector for China during the initial years of their formation in 1950, began to be considered as a rival and an unreliable ally by the end of the 1950s. Subsequent closeness of USSR with India and her attempts to befriend Pakistan in the 1960s, especially after the 1965 Indo Pak war, led to increased differences between the two countries. China was interested in preventing the Soviet Union from spreading its influence in Pakistan. Knowing that USSR could not befriend Pakistan at the cost of India, China decided to make friends with Pakistan with the aim of preventing the USSR from spreading its influence in South Asia using a powerful India[31]. Chinas strategic objectives in Pakistan stem from the fact that Xinjiang and Tibet are contiguous to the Indian sub-continent and China is still consolidating itself in these regions. Pakistan occupies certain areas of Kashmir which have immense strategic value in view of this. Pakistan occupied Kashmir (POK) is located in a region where China, India and Afghanistan meet together. The religious affinity between the people of Xinjiang and Pakistan along with the history of repeated revolts by the Xinjiang people against the Chinese government forced China to sign a boundary agreement with Pakistan in 1963 to acquire strategically important areas to keep the influence of the Pakistani fundamentalism away from the people of Xinjiang[32]. Proximity of Chinas Xinjiang Province Tibet Autonomous Region to POK[33] Pakistans geography was helpful in supporting Chinese positions in the North-East in the Chumby Valley (prior to formation of Bangladesh) and in the Ladakh region in the rear of Indian positions. Thus Pakistan d and still s decisively in the defence of Chinas southern flank resulting in close ties between the two countries. The proximity of the Indian sub-continent to Xinjiang and Tibet, Pakistans location in the sub continent and the affinity existing between the Muslims of Xinjiang and Pakistan are matters of great importance for China in its geo political calculations[34]. It could also be Chinas objective to keep things simmering in South Asia by exploiting the Indo Pakistan disputes so that they may weaken each other by confrontation, leaving adequate space for China to be effective in the region. All the above reasons have led to an increased proximity of the Chinese policies towards Pakistan. Conclusion Chinas bond with Pakistan allowed the former a greater sphere of influence in to South Asia, as well provided a bridge between the Muslim world and Beijing. Though, traditionally, the driving factor for China was a hedge against India and getting strategic leverage against India, relations with China gave Pakistan access to civilian and military resources also. To this day, the relationship between the two countries is of high strategic importance, the military relationship with China being the corner stone of Pakistans foreign policy. And in return, Pakistan is helpful in realising Chinas dream of establishing her influence over the globe. CHAPTER V GROWING ECONOMIC TIES BETWEEN PAKISTAN AND CHINA. To attract good fortune, spend a new penny on an old friend. an old Chinese proverb Though political relations hold the maximum importance between countries, the economic relations are also noteworthy and infact, in recent times, have become one of the most significant factors in determining a nations foreign relations policy. Broadly, the economic relations can be divided into two forms trade and aid. Historical Perspective of Economic Ties During the Han Dynasty, trade existed between Ancient China and Ancient India on camels and yaks along the silk route for almost 3,000 years[35]. Infact, the silk route connecting China and Pakistan was closed down in 1949 and was re-opened in 1967 between the two countries. After partition, trade with India came to a standstill for Pakistan. Hence, Pakistans search for a trading partner to sell jute and cotton in return of coal, iron, cement etc prompted Pakistan to establish economic relations with China[36]. Silk Route[37] Economic and cultural interaction between Pakistan and China began in the 1950s. In April 1955, the late Premier Zhou Enlai held talks with the then Pakistan Prime Minister, M. Ali, during the Bandung Conference, and both sides agreed to strengthen bilateral ties. In January 1963, China and Pakistan signed their fist trade agreement[38]. This was followed up with the â€Å"Cultural Agreement† between the two countries in 1965[39]. The bonding established between the two states has continued ever since, with both countries looking at closer ties with each other for respective benefits. The relations between Pakistan and China were restricted to trade relations till 1964, however, it was in 1965, for the first time, that Pakistan started receiving Chinese aid[40]. In 1978, the Karakoram Highway was officially opened to trade between both countries. In 1986, China and Pakistan reached a comprehensive nuclear cooperation agreement which resulted in a 300-megawatt nuclear power pla nt built with Chinese help in Punjab province, which was completed in 1999[41]. Chinas Recent Economic Involvement in Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf took over power of Pakistan in October 1999 and since then the economic aspect became a major factor in Pakistan-China relations. During his visit to China in January 2000, he laid a great deal of emphasis on economic cooperation and hence the economic relations between the two countries slowly began to improve, both in trade and investments. The Chinese side too reciprocated positively by enhancing economic activity between the two countries[42]. The Chinese Premier at that time, Zhu Rongji, while visiting Pakistan in May 2001, urged the two sides to â€Å"boost cooperation in agriculture, infrastructure, information technology and other fields under the principle of reciprocity and mutual benefit for achieving common prosperity†[43].During this visit, Pakistan and China signed six Agreements and one MoU (Memorandum of Understanding). The Chinese financial assistance to Pakistan at that time was roughly over one billion dollars. The six agreements included Economic and Technical Cooperation, Tourism Cooperation, Lease Agreement on Saindak Copper-Gold Project, Supply of Locomotives to Pakistan Railways, Supply of Passenger Coaches to Pakistan Railways, White Oil Pipeline and MoU between Chinas ZTE and Pakistan Telecommunications Co. Ltd. Besides, the most important aspect of increasing economic cooperation was that the Chinese Premier reiterated his support for the Gwadar deep sea port and the Mekran coastal highway pro jects[44]. Mekran Coastal Highway[45] During his visit to China in November 2003, President Musharrafs signed a â€Å"Joint Declaration on Direction of Bilateral Relations.† It was a road-map to determine the direction and scope of overall Pakistan-China bilateral relations in the future. It laid additional emphasis on increasing the economic cooperation between the two countries and institutionalising mechanisms for consolidating an all-round relationship[46]. In December 2004, the two countries signed seven agreements in the sectors of trade, communication and energy. They also formulated a framework for enhanced cooperation between them. These agreements revolved around enhancing the bilateral trade, further progress on preferential trade agreement, setting up of joint agro-based industries and increasing of Chinese investments in Pakistan[47]. In April 2005, as many as 21 agreements and MoUs were signed between the two countries. These included cooperation in economy, defence, energy, infrastructure, social sector, health, education, higher education, housing and various other areas. The two countries also signed a â€Å"Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Good Neighbourly Relations†[48]. In January 2006, the Early Harvest Programme was launched to encourage bilateral trade, under which China extended zero-rated tariffs on 767 items while Pakistan reciprocated by extending the facility on 464 items[49]. In November 2006, China and Pakistan signed a FTA (free trade agreement). As per the agreement, China and Pakistan would reduce the tariffs on all goods in two phases. The aim of the agreement is to eliminate tariffs on no less than 90 percent of products, both in terms of tariff lines and trade volume, within a reasonably short period of time and on the basis of taking care of the concerns of both sides[50]. The Early Harvest Programme, which had commenced in January 2006, was merged into the FTA[51]. Also, China vowed to help Pakistan in civil nuclear technology by building and helping in the Khusab Nuclear Programme providing technology to Pakistan for better maintenance of civil nuclear plants[52]. In 2009, Pakistan and China signed a number of agreements and MoUs. These included construction of Bunji Dam in the Northern Areas with a capacity of 7,000 Megawatts[53], provision of soft loans for space, space technology and alternate energy including an amount of U.S. $ 190 million to supply Pakistani satellite PAKSAT-1R, which will replace the present satellite PAKSAT-1 that has a useful life until 2011. This loan will cover 85 percent of project